Category: Newsletters

In 1863, Angelo Mariani marketed a patent medicine called Vin Tonique Mariani à la Coca de Perou. Based on Bordeaux wine infused with three varietals of coca leaves in the bottle, le Vin Tonique Mariani was immediately applauded as a an ideal stomach stimulant, an analgesic on the air passages and vocal chords, appetite suppressant, anti-depressant, and treatment against anemia. In 1884, pharmacist John S Pemberton launched Pemberton’s French Coca Wine in Atlanta, Georgia. Another overnight success would have been in the making, if it hadn’t contained wine. The Klu Klux Klan forcefully lobbied for prohibition in Atlanta. The law was enacted in 1885. Pemberton was pressed to reformulate his product, replacing wine with cola extract and soda. Coca-Cola was born. The high cocaine content of Pemberton’s product forced Mariani to increase his dosage to 7.2 mg per ounce for US export. (via the EUVS)

The Pilgrims came to North America to harvest pine trees for the masts of British ships

Great Britain first came to America because it ran out of trees. The British needed big, thick, strong pines to make the masts for the Royal Navy, and they couldn’t get those from forests in Europe, so they sent Pilgrims to America basically to chop down trees to send back to Britain. The common mythology is that the Pilgrims were religious separatists, but they were really lumber merchants sent here to find timber for the Crown. But the colonists rebelled, and they lashed a king’s forest surveyor in a tavern in Weare, N.H. That became known as the Pine Tree Riot, which inspired the Boston Tea Party a year later. Flash forward to World War I, and the Allies desperately needed a pliable, tough, stringy wood to build airplanes. So the military mobilized a huge labor force of hundreds of thousands of military men who convened converged on the Oregon and Washington State coast to harvest Sitka spruce, which they called airplane spruce. And it turned the tide of the war, really. (via Scientific American)

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Continue reading “The inventor of Coca-Cola tried to market cocaine-infused wine”

Australia recently became the first country in the world to ban kids under 16 from using social media — the result of a law that was passed last year but didn’t take effect until this month — but it is unlikely to be the last. Malaysia recently announced that it will also ban social media for users under 16 starting next year — the country’s Online Safety Act takes effect January 1, and the communications minister said the government is looking to Australia for guidance on implementing it. Denmark has said it is also moving toward a ban for users under 15, with parental consent allowed from age 13, and Norway is raising the minimum age from 13 to 15. The European Parliament recently voted by an overwhelming majority to set an EU-wide minimum age of 16 for social media, video-sharing platforms, and AI companions, and France, Spain, Italy, Denmark, and Greece are all testing a European age-verification app.

The rationale behind these laws is fairly straightforward: legislators in these countries are convinced that the use of social media apps such as Instagram and TikTok have caused an epidemic of mental health, self-esteem and body-image problems among young people, and in particular teenaged girls — problems that in some cases have led to deaths. This has been fueled by a series of unfortunate incidents, including a 16-year-old boy whose social-media account contained a number of videos discussing death and suicide and who stepped in front of a train in New York, and a 15-year-old schoolgirl in Australia who suffered from bullying on social media and then hanged herself in February 2022. Such incidents have led to a lot of fear-mongering articles by the mainstream media, portraying smartphone use and social media activity as a poison or a virus that creates emotional harm and in some cases mental illness in vulnerable teens.

Is there any scientific evidence that this is the case? The short answer is no. So then why do so many people believe there is? Because the media keeps telling them there is. Before Australia instituted its teenaged social-media ban, I had my suspicions about what might have helped to trigger that country’s law but in one of the recent news stories I found confirmation: the person who first proposed the ban and drove it forward was Peter Malinauskas, the Premier of South Australia, who said he started doing so after he read The Anxious Generation, a book by Jonathan Haidt, a psychologist at New York University’s Stern School of Business. His wife “put the book down on her lap and turned to me and said you’ve really got to do something about this,” he said. “And then I stopped and thought about it and thought maybe we actually can.” So he decided to try to introduce state-level legislation hoping it could win federal support too.

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Continue reading “We should help teens with social media not ban them from it”

Researchers have recorded, for the first time, images of moths drinking a moose’s tears. The intriguing interaction between the nocturnal insects and majestic mammals went down deep in the woods of Vermont, captured by trail cameras set in the state’s Green Mountain National Forest as part of a broader survey of moose across New England. Researchers in Vermont published the findings and the striking photographs in a recent issue of Ecosphere. Insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera—which includes moths and butterflies—are no strangers to tear drinking, or “lachryphagy.” Lepidopterans have been observed bellying up to the tear ducts of birds, reptiles, wild mammals, and domestic animals from Asia and Africa to parts of South America. (via Nautilus)

Her life changed when she found a rare Nintendo game in a thrift store

None of this would’ve happened had Jennifer Thompson not gone thrifting. This was in April 2013, and she was browsing clothes and $1 DVDs at the Steele Creek Goodwill in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, when she noticed it behind the glass counter. The video game title sparked a memory, a Yahoo article about the rarest games in the world. Jennifer drove across the street to McDonald’s, just to use the restaurant’s Wi-Fi to make sure she hadn’t been wrong. She then crossed the street again and purchased the game for $8 from the $30 she had in her bank account, praying the clerk wouldn’t recognize what it was and stop her. When she took it for validation to a used video game store in Charlotte, the young man behind the counter rustled open the plastic bag and coughed the words “Oh my god.” He offered her all the money in the register for it. She turned him down. (via ESPN)

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Continue reading “Video evidence that moths like to drink moose tears”

Clisson et Eugénie, also known in English as Clisson and Eugénie, is a romantic novella, written by Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon wrote Clisson et Eugénie in 1795, and it is widely acknowledged as being a fictionalised account of the doomed romance of a soldier and his lover, which paralleled Bonaparte’s own relationship with Eugénie Désirée Clary. Clisson, a heroic revolutionary French soldier, but tired of war, meets and falls for Eugénie at a public bath. Retiring from the military, Clisson and Eugénie marry and raise several children within an idyllic countryside retreat, but war returns and Clisson feels compelled to serve his country. Unfortunately, Clisson is injured in battle and Berville, a comrade sent to reassure Eugénie, seduces her instead, and she stops sending Clisson letters. Heartbroken at the end of his marriage, Clisson then sends off one final letter to his unfaithful wife and her new lover before deliberately engineering his death at the front of an armed charge toward the enemy. (via Wikipedia)

Crocodiles in Florida are thriving in the water around a nuclear generating station

Back in the 1970s, the future was not looking bright for the American crocodile, a hulking but shy reptile that once made its home throughout the mangrove and estuarine regions of South Florida. Due to over-hunting and habitat destruction, the species’ numbers had dwindled to fewer than 300 individuals in the state. In 1975, Florida’s American crocodiles were listed as endangered. But just two years later, something unexpected happened. Employees at the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station, located around 25 miles south of Miami, spotted a crocodile nest among the plant’s man-made network of cooling canals. Florida Power & Light Co. (FPL), the company that operates the plant, set up a program to monitor and protect the crocodiles that had settled in this unusual habitat. And ever since, the plant’s resident croc population has been booming. According to Marcus Lim of the Associated Press, FPL wildlife specialists collected 73 crocodile hatchlings just last week, and are expecting dozens more to emerge into the world over the remainder of the summer. (via the Smithsonian)

Note: This is a version of my When The Going Gets Weird newsletter, which I send out via Ghost, the open-source publishing platform. You can see other issues and sign up here.

Continue reading “Napoleon wrote a romantic novel about a former lover”

It is a drizzly October afternoon and I am sitting in a rural Lancashire pub drinking pints of Moretti with London’s leading snail farmer and a convicted member of the Naples mafia. We’re discussing the best way to stop a mollusc orgy. The farmer, a 79-year-old former shoe salesman called Terry Ball who has made and lost multiple fortunes, has been cheerfully telling me in great detail for several hours about how he was inspired by former Conservative minister Michael Gove to use snails to cheat local councils out of tens of millions of pounds in taxes. His method is simple. First, he sets up shell companies that breed snails in empty office blocks. Then he claims that the office block is legally, against all indications to the contrary, a farm, and therefore exempt from paying taxes. “They’re sexy things,” chuckles Ball in a broad Blackburn accent, describing the speed with which two snails can incestuously multiply into dozens of specimens. Snails love group sex and cannibalism, he warns. (via The Guardian)

Researchers detect magic forms of quantum entanglement at the Large Hadron Collider

Seventeen years after the machine switched on, particle physicists are realizing that they can use the collider to explore how information flows through quantum systems — a question at the foundations of quantum computing. The two possible spins of the quarks correspond to the 0 and 1 states of a qubit, a unit of quantum information. One buzzy result came this spring, when the CMS experiment measured the “magic” of a pair of top quarks. In quantum information theory, magic is a property of entangled qubits that makes their state difficult to simulate on a classical computer. For quantum computers to run algorithms faster than classical computers, they must be fed a supply of magic states. Quantum computers can run certain algorithms exponentially faster than regular computers. This speedup is possible because of entanglement, which links the 0 and 1 states of different qubits, creating a network of possibilities. The quantum computer can manipulate all the possible states at once. (via Quanta magazine)

Note: This is a version of my When The Going Gets Weird newsletter, which I send out via Ghost, the open-source publishing platform. You can see other issues and sign up here.

Continue reading “He turned office blocks into snail farms as a tax dodge”

It began with a rumour. Years after the war ended, stories started circulating about a Polish doctor who had supposedly saved thousands of Jews from the gas chambers by inventing a false epidemic. Newspapers repeated it. A documentary crew went looking for it. A myth formed around the idea that one man and one clever medical trick had preserved a large Jewish population from certain death. The truth is more nuanced, grounded in the very specific nature of life in occupied Poland, in the habits of the German authorities, and in the slow and sometimes uncomfortable way historical memory evolves. Eugene Lazowski did save people. Many of them. But not in the precise way the legend later claimed. What he did manage was extraordinary in its own right. It simply deserves to be told as it really happened. He learned that patients injected with a harmless strain of Proteus bacteria would test positive for typhus. (via Utterly Interesting)

He built an exoskeleton and an artificial stomach so he could blend in with a herd of goats

Building an exoskeleton of a goat and a prosthetic stomach to digest grass before attempting to cross the Alps on all fours must rank as one of the weirder research projects funded by the Wellcome Trust. But London designer Thomas Thwaites has turned his bizarre mission to bridge the boundary between Homo sapiens and other species by becoming “GoatMan” into an enlightening and funny book. Informed by advice from a Danish shaman, neuroscientists, prosthetists, animal behaviourists and Swiss goat herders, it explores what connects and separates us from other animals. Thwaites found the physical challenges of becoming a creature that moved on all fours almost insurmountable. Primates are “weird”, Thwaites says, for putting almost all their weight on their back legs; he required prosthetics to put 60% of his weight on his “front legs”. His pelvis was also 135 degrees out of alignment. “I was sort of shocked at how bad a goat I was,” he says, “and I was really trying.” (via The Guardian)

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Continue reading “He created a fake epidemic that helped save a Polish town”

If you spend much time wandering around what we used to call the social web — and by that I mean primarily the large social apps and platforms like Facebook and Instagram and X and Snapchat and even TikTok — you might find yourself sympathizing with the great Yogi Berra, who once said of a certain place that “No one goes there any more, it’s too crowded.” It would be hard to argue that social networks are empty, and yet it often seems as though no one is there any more, or at least no one we recognize and/or want to spend time around. There are lots of posts, and videos, and photos — so many posts — and yet there is a feeling that (to use another famous quote, this one from Gertrude Stein) there’s no there there. Is it just because suspect some of those people are actually AI bots simulating human activity? Possibly. But I think there’s something deeper going on as well.

What we do know with some level of certainty is that the decline of social networking broadly speaking is a real, observable phenomenon as well as a hunch. The Financial Times recently reported that a study it commissioned shows that social media use peaked in 2022 and has since gone into more or less steady decline. The study was an analysis of the online habits of 250,000 adults in more than 50 countries that was carried out by a digital-audience insights company called GWI. The study’s authors took pains to point out that this was not just an unwinding of a screen-time or social-media bump that took place during COVID lockdowns — usage has reportedly “traced a smooth curve up and down over the past decade plus.”

Across the developed world, adults aged 16 and older spent an average of two hours and 20 minutes per day on social platforms at the end of 2024, down by almost 10 per cent since 2022. Notably, the decline is most pronounced among the erstwhile heaviest users — teens and 20-somethings. Additional data from GWI trace the shift. The shares of people who report using social platforms to stay in touch with their friends, express themselves or meet new people have fallen by more than a quarter since 2014. Meanwhile, reflexively opening the apps to fill up spare time has risen, reflecting a broader pernicious shift from mindful to mindless browsing.

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Continue reading “The social web is dying. Is that a good thing?”

In 1838, 29-year-old Illinois state representative Abraham Lincoln went on a pseudo blind date set up by a friend. The date wasn’t entirely blind — Lincoln had seen the sister some years before, and said she seemed to be “intelligent and agreeable.” But things quickly went from great to uncomfortable when Mary Owens did not look as Abe had remembered her. “I knew she was oversize, but she now appeared a fair match for Falstaff,” he wrote. “When I beheld her, I could not for my life avoid thinking of my mother; and this, not from withered features — for her skin was too full of fat to permit of its contracting into wrinkles — but from her want of teeth, weather-beaten appearance in general.” Despite this initial impression, Lincoln seems to have changed his mind later, because he proposed marriage — and Owens refused. Twice. (via Mental Floss)

If you have an allergy to pork scientists say you are probably also allergic to cats

A pork allergy is an adverse immune response after consuming pork and its byproducts. It is also called pork-cat syndrome because most pork allergies are related to cat allergies. The reason that some cat-sensitized individuals are susceptible to pork allergies is that some individuals are not only allergic to the cat dander, but are also allergic to a protein found in cats called albumin.  Albumin is also found in meat from pigs and other animals. Other causes of pork allergy are unknown. Undercooked pork or dried pork products tend to cause more reactions than well-cooked pork. Symptoms include urticaria (hives), pork allergy rash, and inflammation of the skin; gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps; runny or stuffy nose; mild fever; wheezing and difficulty breathing; and in rare cases, anaphylaxis. (via NY Allergy)

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Continue reading “That time Abraham Lincoln had a terrible blind date”

A fusion energy start-up claims to have solved the millennia-old challenge of how to turn other metals into gold. Chrysopoeia, commonly known as alchemy, has been pursued by civilisations as far back as ancient Egypt. Now San Francisco-based Marathon Fusion, a start-up focused on using nuclear fusion to generate power, has said the same process could be used to produce gold from mercury. In an academic paper published last week, Marathon proposes that neutrons released in fusion reactions could be used to produce gold through a process known as nuclear transmutation. The paper has not yet been peer-reviewed but has had a positive reception from some experts in the field. “On paper it looks great and everyone so far that I talk to remains intrigued and excited,” Dr Ahmed Diallo, a plasma physicist at the US Department of Energy’s national laboratory at Princeton who has read the study, told the Financial Times. (via FT)

A raccon broke into a liquor store and was found passed out face down in the bathroom

A drunken raccoon was found asleep amid its work at the ABC liquor store in Ashland, Virginia, a trail of broken bottles and spilled booze leading to its resting place by the staff toilet. “Officer Martin safely secured our masked bandit and transported him back to the shelter to sober up before questioning,” Hanover County Animal Protection and Shelter posted to social media. “After a few hours of sleep and zero signs of injury (other than maybe a hangover and poor life choices), he was safely released back to the wild, hopefully having learned that breaking and entering is not the answer. … Just another day in the life at Hanover Animal Protection!” The Associated Press talked to the animal control officer who responded to the call and found the plastered procyonid. “I personally like raccoons,” she told them, “He fell through one of the ceiling tiles and went on a full-blown rampage, drinking everything.” (via Boing Boing)

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Continue reading “A startup says it has a process for turning mercury into gold”

Before we get started, let’s agree that Elon Musk’s promises about full self-driving on the Tesla have been figments of his ketamine-addled imagination, if not an outright fraud. Musk first promised FSD in 2016, almost a full decade ago, and it is barely any closer now. His then-Twitter account almost 10 years ago was full of hype about features like “Summon,” where a Tesla owner across the city could click a button in the app and their car would autonomously leave the garage and drive across town, something that still hasn’t arrived. Is it because Musk refuses to use LiDAR, which literally every other self-driving car maker uses, and has stuck to trying to get cameras and algorithms to do it alone? Possibly. Regardless, the fact is that a Tesla still has problems making it onto highway exits or detecting when lanes are closed, and it routinely cuts other drivers off. In other words, Tesla self-driving is a pale imitation of what Musk has been promising for years, to the point where there are multiple class-action lawsuits about it.

That said, however, I think there’s ample evidence that self-driving cars — even the somewhat flawed ones we have now — are an unambiguous social good. They are so much better than cars driven by human beings that it doesn’t seem fair to even compare them. It’s like arguing that toasters are better than jamming a piece of bread on a stick and holding it over a fire, or that anaesthesia is better than telling someone to bite a bullet before you operate. If it were possible to flick a switch and make all cars self-driving, it would be incumbent on us to flick that switch as quickly as possible. To get a sense of why I believe this is the case, Waymo — Google’s self-driving car startup — recently released statistics on the accident rate of its cars, of which there are more than 2,500 in five cities. As of June this year, Waymo cars had driven almost 100 million miles and had 90 percent fewer crashes causing serious injury, and 90 percent fewer incidents involving pedestrians (Tesla also reports accidents but with much less detail).

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Continue reading “Self-driving cars are an unambiguous social good”

In the late 1990s, when most people just about had an email address and the smartphone with even one G, never mind five of them, was just a twinkle in a mad inventor’s eye, the internet was still regarded by many as the preserve of the nerd. Most of the record industry either treated it as an irrelevance or, with the advent of Napster and other streaming services a few years later, a threat. But Jagger was an early adopter, or at least he was someone who spotted the internet’s potential while others retained suspicion. Jagger is also a cricket nut. So when he discovered that nobody was planning to broadcast the Akai-Singer Champions Trophy — a relatively minor one-day tournament in December 1997, featuring England, Pakistan, India and West Indies — these two interests converged. So he formed a company and broadcast it himself. (via the NYT)

Some scholars believe the Wizard of Oz is an allegory for the move to a gold standard in 1873

In a 1964 article, educator and historian Henry Littlefield outlined an allegory in the book of the late-19th-century debate regarding monetary policy. According to this view, for instance, the Yellow Brick Road represents the gold standard, and the Silver Shoes (Ruby slippers in the 1939 film version) represent the Silverites’ wish to maintain convertibility under a sixteen to one ratio. Hugh Rockoff suggested in 1990 that the novel was an allegory about the demonetization of silver in 1873, and that the City of Oz earns its name from the abbreviation of ounces “Oz” in which gold and silver are measured. The cyclone that carried Dorothy to the Land of Oz represents the economic and political upheaval, the yellow brick road stands for the gold standard, and the silver shoes Dorothy inherits from the Wicked Witch of the East represents the pro-silver movement. When Dorothy is taken to the Emerald Palace before her audience with the Wizard she is led through seven passages and up three flights of stairs, a subtle reference to the Coinage Act of 1873. (via Wikipedia)

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Continue reading “Mick Jagger was a pioneer in streaming video on the internet”

The Pacific Northwest is known for five things: lumber, aircraft, tech, coffee, and crime. What might account for the abrupt rise and equally abrupt fall, between the nineteen-sixties and the turn of the century, of the “golden age” of serial killing? And why were so many of these brutes cradled in a crescent of psychopathy around Seattle’s Puget Sound? Fraser thinks the master key is to be found in the fact that the area south and southwest of Seattle was home to massive ore-processing facilities, and her subjects were reared in their murky shadows. “Spare some string for the smelters and smoke plumes,” she writes of her crazy wall, “those insidious killers, shades of Hades.” The smelters caused a profusion of heavy metals in the air and water, and toxins such as lead and arsenic were found in staggering concentrations in the blood of Tacoma’s children. Some were merely dulled, or delinquent; a few became tabloid monsters. (via the New Yorker)

Spotify changed its randomness algorithm to make it less random but it feels more random

Spotify’s first iteration of its shuffle feature was dictated by a decades-old algorithm that generated unbiased randomness from a finite sequence of elements. Breathtakingly efficient, the Fisher-Yates shuffle was employed by Spotify to dismantle user playlists and reassemble them into new, unpredictable orders. From the developers’ perspective, the task of creating this feature was masterfully accomplished with just a few lines of code. From early users’ perspective, shuffle was a travesty. This discrepancy was bewildering for both parties, but mainly for developers, who had delivered a mathematically perfect version of randomness. Perfection turned out to be the problem. The algorithm captured a Platonic ideal of randomness instead of one compatible with the human mind. We presume that randomness must always be chaotic. However, as randomness is unpredictable, it will at times give the impression of order. (via the FT)

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Continue reading “Lead poisoning may have led to a generation of serial killers”

In 2015, David Hole was prospecting in Maryborough Regional Park near Melbourne, Australia. Armed with a metal detector, he discovered something out of the ordinary – a very heavy, reddish rock resting in some yellow clay. He took it home and tried everything to open it, sure that there was a gold nugget inside the rock – after all, Maryborough is in the Goldfields region, where the Australian gold rush peaked in the 19th century. Hole tried a rock saw, an angle grinder, a drill, and even doused the thing in acid. Unable to open the rock, Hole took the nugget to the Melbourne Museum for identification. A scientist there said that after 37 years of working at the museum and examining thousands of rocks, only two of the offerings had ever turned out to be real meteorites, and Hole’s rock was one of those two. He published a scientific paper describing the 4.6 billion-year-old meteorite, which he called Maryborough. (via ScienceAlert)

In the 16th century cadavers were embalmed with honey and then turned into medicine

A mellified man, also known as a human mummy confection, was a legendary medicinal substance created by steeping a human cadaver in honey. The concoction is detailed in Chinese medical sources of the 16th century, which reports that some elderly men in Arabia, nearing the end of their lives, would submit themselves to a process of mummification in honey to create a healing confection. The mellification process would ideally start before death. The donor would stop eating any food other than honey, going as far as to bathe in the substance. Shortly, the donor’s feces and even sweat would consist of honey. When this diet finally proved fatal, the donor’s body would be placed in a stone coffin filled with honey. After a century or so, the contents would have turned into a sort of confection reputedly capable of healing broken limbs, which would then be sold in street markets at a hefty price. (via Wikipedia)

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Continue reading “He thought he found gold but it was a 5 billion-year-old meteor”

If you share a recipe for or photo of fried rice in China on November 25th, you may get a visit from the authorities. To understand why, you have to go back 75 years. North Korea, backed by the Soviet Union and China, launched a surprise invasion into South Korea, hoping to unify the Korean peninsula. More than three years and as many as three million lives later, the two sides signed an armistice. One of the lives lost was Mao Anying, the oldest son of the chairman of China’s Communist Party, Mao Zedong. His death has become a major moment in the narrative shared by Chinese dissidents today, who celebrate November 25 as China’s Thanksgiving Day. But because of censorship, those who want to mark the day do so by sharing a fried rice recipe or pictures of the dish. It’s a reference to the mythic story behind Anying’s demise, which says he was trying to cook fried rice, and the smoke from the fire exposed his position. (via Now I Know)

He popularized a famous Italian coffee pot and when he died he was buried in one

Renato Bialetti, the Italian businessman who turned an aluminum coffee pot into a classic global design, died last week at the age of 93. In accordance with his and his family’s wishes, his ashes were interred in an urn shaped like a large version of a Moka pot, the stovetop coffee maker he introduced to the world. Bialetti didn’t invent the Moka. He just made it famous. A man named Luigi di Ponti designed the appliance in 1933 and sold the patent to Renato’s father Alfonso Bialetti, an aluminum vendor. Sales lagged under the elder Bialetti, but Renato had bigger, coffee-scented dreams when he took over the business in the 1940s. He spearheaded a massive marketing campaign across Italy for the pots, which were branded with a charmingly mustachioed caricature—based either on himself or his father, depending on the legend you read. (via Quartz)

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Continue reading “It’s illegal to make fried rice on this one specific day in China”

My last Torment Nexus piece was about how weak the FTC’s antitrust case against Meta was, weak enough that it was thrown out by a federal court judge. But don’t take that argument as evidence that I am a Meta fan — far from it. It may not be a monopoly, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t harmful and in some cases actually dangerous. The one I have the most experience with is the situation in Myanmar, where Facebook ignored the signs that its platform was being used to promote violence against the Rohingya population in that country, and ignored them for so long that a United Nations panel came to the conclusion that the company enabled a genocide that killed thousands and left thousands more maimed and homeless. Did Facebook deliberately do this? Of course not. They’re not monsters (or at least not that specific kind of monster). Instead, they simply overlooked the evidence in front of them, or more likely decided it wasn’t important enough to get in the way of the platform’s growth and engagement goals.

Whenever something like this happens — not just with Facebook, but plenty of other tech companies — the response has become a kind of ritualized theater performance, a stylized exercise of going through the motions without any real outcome or change. In Meta’s case, it involves Mark Zuckerberg or some other functionary from Facebook or Instagram commenting in the press about something hateful or dangerous that its platform enabled, and then in some cases appearing before Congress, shamefaced and sometimes truculent about the said wrongdoing. Zuckerberg or his stand-in will say that they are sorry, and that they had no idea that (insert hateful or dangerous conduct here) was being enabled by the platform. At some point, months or even years later, it will be revealed that Facebook or Instagram knew exactly what was happening and chose not to do anything about it, or at least nothing substantive anyway.

One of the examples of this that I am the most familiar with was when former Facebook staffer Frances Haugen blew the whistle on the company’s behavior involving young and mostly female users of Instagram, in 2021. According to the thousands of pages of internal documents that Haugen took with her when she left the company — which were shared with the Wall Street Journal and other outlets, as well as with members of Congress — Meta senior executives knew from their internal research that Instagram was increasingly linked to emotional distress and body-image issues among young women. As Haugen described in an interview with me at the Mesh conference in 2023, she and a number of other staffers worked on ways of trying to reduce or even eliminate this problem, but time and again their work was ignored — because doing so might decrease engagement or interfere with Meta’s growth and revenue targets. So did Meta know? Yes. Did they care? No. Or, at least not enough to do anything about it.

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Continue reading “What did Mark Zuckerberg know and when did he know it?”