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So far, Facebook has taken most of the heat when it comes to spreading misinformation, thanks to revelations about how Russian trolls used the network in an attempt to influence the 2016 election. But now YouTube is also coming under fire for being a powerful disinformation engine.

At Congressional hearings into the problem in November, where representatives from Facebook, Google and Twitter were asked to account for their actions, Facebook took the brunt of the questions, followed closely by Twitter. Google, however, argued that since it’s not really a social network in the same sense that Facebook and Twitter are, it therefore doesn’t play as big a role in spreading fake news.

This was more than a little disingenuous. While it may not run a social network like Facebook (its attempt at doing so, known as Google+, failed to catch on), Google does own the world’s largest video platform, and YouTube has played—and continues to play—a significant role in spreading misinformation.

This becomes obvious whenever there is an important news event, and especially one that has a political aspect to it, such as the mass shooting in Las Vegas last October—where fake news showed up at the top of YouTube searches—or the recent school shooting in Parkland, Florida where 17 students died.

After the Parkland shootings, YouTube highlighted conspiracy theories about the incident in search results and in its recommended videos. At one point, eight out of the top 10 recommended videos that appeared for a search on the name of one of the students who survived the shooting either promoted or talked about the idea that he was a so-called “crisis actor” and not a real student.

When this was mentioned by journalists and others on Twitter, the videos started disappearing one by one, until the day after the shooting there were no conspiracy theories in the top 10 search results. But in the meantime, each of those videos got thousands or possibly tens of thousands of views they might otherwise not have gotten if they hadn’t been recommended.

This kind of thing isn’t just a US problem. YouTube has become hugely popular in India with the arrival of cheap data plans for smartphones, and after a famous actress died recently, the trending list on YouTube for that country was reportedly filled with fake news.

In part, the popularity of such content is driven by human nature. Conspiracy theories are often much more interesting than the real facts about such an event, in part because they hint at mysteries and secrets that only a select few know about. That increases the desire to read them, and to share them, and social platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube play on this impulse.

Human nature, however, is exacerbated by the algorithms that power these platforms, creating a vicious circle. YouTube’s algorithm tracks people clicking and watching conspiracy theory videos and assumes that this kind of content is very popular, and that people want to see more of it, and so it moves those videos higher in the rankings. That in turn causes more people to see them and click on them.

The result is that users are pushed towards more and more polarizing or controversial content, regardless of the topic, as sociologist Zeynep Tufekci described recently in The New York Times. The platform has become “an engine for radicalization,” she says.

“In effect, YouTube has created a restaurant that serves us increasingly sugary, fatty foods, loading up our plates as soon as we are finished with the last meal. Over time, our tastes adjust, and we seek even more sugary, fatty foods, which the restaurant dutifully provides. When confronted about this by the health department and concerned citizens, the restaurant managers reply that they are merely serving us what we want.”

Guillaume Chaslot, a programmer who worked at Google for three years, told CJR recently he noticed a similar phenomenon while working on the YouTube recommendation algorithm. He says he tried to get the company interested in implementing fixes to help solve it, but was told that what mattered was that people spent lots of time watching videos, not what kind of videos they were watching.

“Total watch time was what we went for—there was very little effort put into quality,” Chaslot says. “All the things I proposed about ways to recommend quality were rejected.”

After leaving Google, Chaslot started collecting some of his research and making the results public on a website called Algotransparency.org. Using software that he created (and has made public for anyone to use), he tracked the recommendations provided for YouTube videos and found that in many cases they are filled with hoaxes, conspiracy theories, fake news and other similar content.

Jonathan Albright, research director at the Columbia University’s Tow Center for Digital Journalism, has done his own research on YouTube, including a study in which he catalogued all of the recommended videos the site suggested after a hypothetical user clicked on a “crisis actor” video. What he found was a network of more than 9,000 conspiracy-themed videos, all of which were recommended to users as the “next up” video after they watched one involving the alleged Parkland shooting hoax.

“I hate to take the dystopian route, but YouTube’s role in spreading this ‘crisis actor’ content and hosting thousands of false videos is akin to a parasitic relationship with the public,” Albright said in a recent blog post about his research. “This genre of videos is especially troublesome, since the content has targeted (individual) effects as well as the potential to trigger mass public reactions.”

Former YouTube head of product Hunter Walk said recently that at one point he proposed bringing in news articles from Google News or even tweets to run alongside and possibly counter fake news or conspiracy theories, rather than taking them down, but that proposal was never implemented—in part because growing Google+ became more important than fixing YouTube.

Google has taken some small steps along those lines to try and resolve the problem. This week, YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki said at the South by Southwest conference that the service will show users links to articles on Wikipedia when they search for known hoaxes about topics such as the moon landing. But it’s not clear whether this will have any impact on users’ desire to believe the content they see.

Google has also promised to beef up the number of moderators who check flagged content, and has created what it calls an “Intelligence Desk” in order to try and find offensive content much faster. And it has said that it plans to tweak its algorithms to show more “authoritative content” around news events. One problem with that, however, is it’s not clear how the company plans to define “authoritative.”

The definition of what’s acceptable also seems to be in flux even inside the company. YouTube recently said it had no plans to remove a channel called Atomwaffen, which posts neo-Nazi content and racist videos, and that the company believed adding a warning label “strikes a good balance between allowing free expression and limiting affected videos’ ability to be widely promoted on YouTube.”

After this decision was widely criticized, the site removed the channel. But similar neo-Nazi content reportedly still remains available on other channels. There have been reports that Infowars, the channel run by alt-right commentator Alex Jones, has had videos removed, and that the channel is close to being removed completely. But at the same time, some other controversial channels have been reinstated after YouTube said that they were removed in error by moderators.

In her talk at South by Southwest, Wojcicki said that “if there’s an important news event, we want to be delivering the right information,” but then added that YouTube is “not a news organization.” Those two positions seem to be increasingly incompatible, however. Facebook and YouTube both say they don’t want to become arbiters of truth, and yet they want to be the main news source for information about the world. How much longer can they have it both ways?

 

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YouTube wants the news without the responsibility

 

After coming under fire for promoting fake news, conspiracy theories and misinformation around events like the Parkland school shooting, YouTube has said it is taking a number of steps to try and fix the problem. But the Google-owned video platform still appears to be trying to have its cake and eat it too when it comes to being a media entity.

This week, for example, YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki said at the South by Southwest conference in Texas that the service plans to show users links to related articles on Wikipedia when they search for videos on topics that are known to involve conspiracy theories or hoaxes, such as the moon landing or the belief that the earth is flat.

Given the speed with which information moves during a breaking news event, however, this might not be a great solution for situations like the Parkland shooting, since Wikipedia edits often take awhile to show up. It’s also not clear whether doing this will have any impact on users’ desire to believe the content they see.

In addition to those concerns, Wikimedia said no one from Google notified the organization (which runs Wikipedia) of the YouTube plan. And some of those who work on the crowdsourced encyclopedia have expressed concern that the giant web company—which has annual revenues in the $100-billion range—is essentially taking advantage of a non-profit resource, instead of devoting its own financial resources to the problem.

Google seems to want to benefit from being a popular source for news and information without having to assume the responsibilities that come with being a media entity. In her comments at SXSW, Wojcicki said “if there’s an important news event, we want to be delivering the right information,” but then quickly added that YouTube is “not a news organization.”

This feels very similar to the argument that Facebook has made when it gets criticized for spreading fake news and misinformation—namely, that it is merely a platform, not a media entity, and that it doesn’t want to become “an arbiter of truth.”

Until recently, Facebook was the one taking most of the heat on fake news, thanks to revelations about how Russian trolls used the network in an attempt to influence the 2016 election. At Congressional hearings into the problem in November, where representatives from Facebook, Google, and Twitter were asked to account for their actions, Facebook took the brunt of the questions, followed closely by Twitter.

At the time, Google argued that since it’s not a social network in the same sense as Facebook and Twitter, it therefore doesn’t play as big a role in spreading fake news. This was more than a little disingenuous, however, since it has become increasingly obvious that YouTube has played and continues to play a significant role in spreading misinformation about major news events.

Following the mass shooting in Las Vegas last October, fake news about the gunman showed up at the top of YouTube searches, and after the Parkland incident, YouTube highlighted conspiracy theories in search results and recommended videos. At one point, eight out of the top 10 results for a search on the name of one of the students either promoted or talked about the idea that he was a so-called “crisis actor.”

When this was mentioned by journalists and others on Twitter, the videos started disappearing one by one, until the day after the shooting there were no conspiracy theories in the top 10 search results. But in the meantime, each of those videos got thousands or tens of thousands of views they might otherwise not have gotten.

Misinformation in video form isn’t just a problem in the US. YouTube has also become hugely popular in India with the arrival of cheap data plans for smartphones, and after a famous actress died recently, YouTube’s trending section for India was reportedly filled with fake news.

Public or media outrage seems to have helped push Google to take action in the most recent cases, but the subject of controversial content on YouTube has also become a hot-button issue in part because advertisers have raised a stink about it, and that kind of behavior has a very real impact on Google’s bottom line, as opposed to just affecting its public image.

Last year, for example, dozens of major-league advertisers—including L’Oreal, McDonald’s and Audi—either pulled or threatened to pull their ads from YouTube because they were appearing beside videos posted by Islamic extremists and white supremacists. Google quickly apologized and promised to update its policies to prevent this from happening.

The Congressional hearings into Russian activity also seem to have sparked some changes. One of the things that got some scrutiny in both the Senate and House of Representatives hearings was the fact that Russia Today—a news organization with close links to the Russian government—was a major user of YouTube.

Google has since responded by adding warning labels to Russia Today and other state broadcasters to note that they are funded by governments. This move has caused some controversy, however: PBS complained that it got a warning label, even though it is funded primarily by donations and only secondarily by government grants.

As well-meaning as they might be, however, warning labels and Wikipedia links aren’t going to be enough to solve YouTube’s misinformation problem, because to some extent it’s built into the structure of the platform, as it is with Facebook and the News Feed.

In a broad sense, the popularity of fake news is driven by human nature. Conspiracy theories and made-up facts tend to be much more interesting than the real truth about an event, in part because they hint at mysteries and secrets that only a select few know about. That increases the desire to read them, and to share them. Social services like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube tend to promote content that plays on this impulse because they are looking to boost engagement and keep users on the platform as long as possible.

Human nature, however, is exacerbated by the algorithms that power these platforms. YouTube’s algorithm tracks people clicking and watching conspiracy theory videos and assumes that this kind of content is very popular, and that people want to see more of it, so it moves those videos higher in the rankings. That in turn causes more people to see them.

The result is that users are pushed towards more and more polarizing or controversial content, regardless of the topic, as sociologist Zeynep Tufekci described in a recent New York Times essay. The platform, she says, has become “an engine for radicalization.”

“In effect, YouTube has created a restaurant that serves us increasingly sugary, fatty foods, loading up our plates as soon as we are finished with the last meal. Over time, our tastes adjust, and we seek even more sugary, fatty foods, which the restaurant dutifully provides. When confronted about this by the health department and concerned citizens, the restaurant managers reply that they are merely serving us what we want.”

Guillaume Chaslot, a programmer who worked at Google for three years, told CJR recently he noticed a similar phenomenon while working on the YouTube recommendation algorithm. He says he tried to get the company interested in solving it, but was told that what mattered was that people spent lots of time watching videos, not what kind of videos they were watching.

Former YouTube head of product Hunter Walk said recently that at one point he proposed bringing in news articles from Google News or even tweets to run alongside and possibly counter fake news or conspiracy theories, rather than taking them down, but that proposal was never implemented—in part because Google executives made it clear that growing Google+ was a more important goal than fixing YouTube.

In addition to adding Wikipedia links, Google has also promised to beef up the number of moderators who check flagged content, and has created what it calls an “Intelligence Desk” in order to try and find offensive content much faster. And it has said that it plans to tweak its algorithms to show more “authoritative content” around news events. One problem with that, however, is it’s not clear how the company plans to define “authoritative.”

The definition of what’s acceptable also seems to be in flux even inside the company. YouTube recently said it had no plans to remove a channel called Atomwaffen, which posts neo-Nazi content and racist videos, and that the company believed adding a warning label “strikes a good balance between allowing free expression and limiting affected videos’ ability to be widely promoted on YouTube.”

After this decision was widely criticized, the site removed the channel. But similar neo-Nazi content reportedly still remains available on other channels. There have been reports that Infowars, the channel run by alt-right commentator Alex Jones, has had videos removed, and that the channel is close to being removed completely, although YouTube denies this. But at the same time, some other controversial channels have been reinstated after YouTube said that they were removed in error by moderators.

Facebook and YouTube both say they want to be the main news source for information about the world, but they also say they don’t want to be arbiters of truth. How long can they continue to have it both ways?

One of the risks whenever governments try to curb what they see as offensive speech is that other kinds of speech are often caught in the same net, and that poses a very real risk for freedom of speech and for freedom of the press. One of the most recent examples comes from Spain, where a vague anti-terrorism law has been used to charge and even imprison musicians and other artists.

In a new report on the phenomenon, entitled “Tweet… If You Dare,” Amnesty International looked at the rise in prosecutions under Article 578 of the country’s criminal code, which prohibits “glorifying terrorism” and “humiliating the victims of terrorism.” The law has been around since 2000, but was amended in 2015 and since then prosecutions and convictions have risen sharply.

Freedom of expression in Spain is under attack. The government is targeting a whole range of online speech–from politically controversial song lyrics to simple jokes–under the catch-all categories of “glorifying terrorism” and “humiliating the victims of terrorism.” Social media users, journalists, lawyers and musicians have been prosecuted [and] the result is increasing self-censorship and a broader chilling effect on freedom of expression in Spain.

Among those who have been hit by the law are a musician who tweeted a joke about sending the king a cake-bomb for his birthday and was sentenced to a year in prison, and a rapper who was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in jail for writing songs that the government said glorified terrorism and insulted the crown. A filmmaker and a journalist have also been charged under the anti-terrorism law, and a student who tweeted jokes about the assassination of the Spanish prime minister in 1973 was also sentenced to a year in prison, although her sentence was suspended after a public outcry.

Some free-speech advocates are afraid that new laws either in force or being considered in Germany, France and even the United Kingdom could accelerate this problem. In all three countries, legislators say they are concerned about hate speech, online harassment and fake news, but the definition of those problems is so vague there is a risk that other kinds of speech could also be criminalized—especially when enforcement of those rules gets outsourced to platforms like Facebook, Google and Twitter.

Google is planning to highlight content from newspapers with paywalls for users who are paying subscribers, according to a report from Bloomberg on Tuesday, March 14. So when users search for articles on a topic, results from sites they subscribe to will show up higher than results from regular websites. Google also plans to share data with publishers about who is most likely to sign up, Bloomberg said.

Google executives plan to disclose specific details at an event in New York on March 20, according to the people. The moves could help publishers better target potential digital subscribers and keep the ones they’ve already got by highlighting stories from the outlets they’re paying for. The initiative marks the latest olive branch from Silicon Valley in its evolving relationship with media companies.

This is the latest in a series of moves that both Google and Facebook have been making around subscriptions. Facebook has been experimenting with adding paywall support to its mobile-friendly Instant Articles feature, and also recently set up a trial project to try and help local publishers figure out how to get more subscription revenue. The main reason why publishers are being forced to rely on subscriptions, of course, is that Google and Facebook have taken control of most of the world’s digital advertising revenue.

Google also recently changed its policy on search results from sites with subscription models. It used to encourage publishers with paywalls to let searchers read at least three articles free under its “First Click Free” model, and those who didn’t comply were ranked lower in search results. But the company dropped the FCF approach last year, and now subscription-based publishers can choose to provide whatever number of free articles they wish to non-subscribers, including providing none at all.

 

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YouTube, which has been taking a considerable amount of heat for promoting hoaxes and conspiracy theories in search results, will start highlighting articles from Wikipedia when users are looking for what is clearly fake news about topics such as the moon landing, CEO Susan Wojcicki said at the South by Southwest conference in Austin on Tuesday, March 14.

The Wikipedia links will not appear solely on conspiracy-related videos, but will instead show up on topics and events that have inspired significant debate. A YouTube spokesperson used videos about the moon landing (a historical topic with many conspiracy theories surrounding it) as an example and noted that moon landing videos would appear with Wikipedia links below to provide additional information, regardless of whether the video was a documentary or a video alleging the landing was staged.

As a number of people noted on Twitter following this announcement, it’s a little ironic that a giant company with $100 billion in revenues is relying on a donation-funded volunteer organization to do fact-checking for its videos. YouTube said Wikipedia links are just the first step in solving the problem and that it plans to do more, but it seems a little unfair to take advantage of a free resource when Google itself could be trying harder to flag or identify disinformation.

In part, this is because YouTube—like Facebook—seems to be trying to walk a very fine line with its approach to misinformation. Wojcicki said at the SXSW conference that “if there’s an important news event, we want to be delivering the right information,” but also added: “we are not a news organization.” Those two views seem to be increasingly incompatible, and at some point both of the major web platforms will have to come to grips with what that implies.

 

 

March 12: Apple announced on March 12 that it has acquired Texture for an undisclosed sum. Often called “the Netflix of magazines,” Texture gives readers access to over 200 popular magazines through its app and website for a single monthly fee. It was originally called Next Issue Media when it launched in 2012, and had raised $130 million in venture funding before the acquisition. Said Apple executive Eddy Cue:

“We’re excited Texture will join Apple, along with an impressive catalog of magazines from many of the world’s leading publishers. We are committed to quality journalism from trusted sources and allowing magazines to keep producing beautifully designed and engaging stories for users.”

In an interview at the South by Southwest conference following the news, Cue said that Apple would be integrating Texture into Apple News, and that the company is committed to curating the news to remove fake news. Part of the goal of Apple News and acquiring Texture, he said, is to avoid “a lot of the issues” happening in the media today, such as the social spread of inaccurate information.

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March 12: The European Union released the final report from its High Level Expert Group on Fake News, entitled “A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation,” on March 12. Several of the experts involved in fact-checking and tracking disinformation, including Claire Wardle of First Draft and Alexios Mantzarlis of  the International Fact-Checking Network, summed up the main points of the report in a Medium post, which said the report’s contributions include:

“Important definitional work rejecting the use of the phrase ‘fake news’; an emphasis on freedom of expression as a fundamental right; a clear rejection of any attempt to censor content; a call for efforts to counter interference in elections; a commitment by tech platforms to share data; calls for investment in media and information literacy and comprehensive evaluations of these efforts; as well as cross-border research into the scale and impact of disinformation.”

Among other things, the group notes that at a time when many governments are trying to pass laws aimed at stamping out fake news, this is not the right approach. “Many political bodies seem to believe that the solution to online disinformation is one simple ‘fake news’ law away, [but] the report clearly spells out that it is not. It urges the need for caution and is sceptical particularly of any regulation of content.”

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March 11: Joshua Geltzer, executive director of Georgetown Law’s Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection and former senior director for counterterrorism at the National Security Council, writes in Wired that the Russian trolls who tried to manipulate the 2016 election didn’t abuse Facebook or Twitter, they simply used those platforms in the way that they were designed to be used:

“For example, the type of polarizing ads that Facebook admits Russia’s Internet Research Agency purchased get rewarded by Facebook’s undisclosed algorithm for provoking user engagement. And Facebook aggressively markets the micro-targeting that Russia utilized to pit Americans against each other on divisive social and political issues. Russia didn’t abuse Facebook—it simply used Facebook.”

Geltzer says the major web platforms need to do a much better job of removing or blocking malicious actors who try to use their systems for nefarious purposes, and he also says that Facebook, Google and Twitter need to be much more transparent about their algorithms and how they operate. That kind of openness, he says, “could yield crowd-sourced solutions rather than leaving remedies to a tiny set of engineers, lawyers, and policy officials employed by the companies themselves.”

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March 10: Sociologist Zeynep Tufekci wrote in an essay published in the New York Times on March 10 about experiments she performed on YouTube during the 2016 election, where she noticed that no matter what kind of political content she searched for, the recommended videos were always more extreme and inflammatory, whether politically or socially. This is a vicious circle, she writes:

“In effect, YouTube has created a restaurant that serves us increasingly sugary, fatty foods, loading up our plates as soon as we are finished with the last meal. Over time, our tastes adjust, and we seek even more sugary, fatty foods, which the restaurant dutifully provides. When confronted about this by the health department and concerned citizens, the restaurant managers reply that they are merely serving us what we want.”

Tufekci mentions research done by former YouTube engineer Guillaume Chaslot, who worked on the video platform’s recommendation algorithm and spoke to CJR recently about his conclusions. Like Tufekci, he found that the videos being recommended on the site were overwhelmingly contentious and inflammatory, including many that promoted conspiracy theories, because that kind of content makes people click and spend more time on the site, and that serves Google’s business interests.

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March 9: NewsWhip, an analytics company that measures social-media activity, looked at its data and came up with a list of news reporters who get the most engagement on Facebook in February, and number one was Ryan Shattuck, of the satirical news site The Onion. Number 2 was Jonah Urich, who works for a left-wing site called Truth Examiner, known for posting sensationalized political news.Daily Wire, another hyper-partisan political news site, also took several spots in the top 10. As NewsWhip described it:

Beyond the Onion, the top authors were primarily from hyper-partisan sources like the Daily Wire, Truth Examiner, Breitbart, Washington Press, and several small but politically-charged sites. Horrifyingly enough, two authors from fake news sites featured. An author from the fake news site Your Newswire was towards the top of our list, ranking in at #12. Baxter Dmitry wrote 81 articles in February, driving more than 1.7 million Facebook interactions.

Facebook has said it plans to change its algorithm so that more “high quality” news shows up in the News Feed, but that could be easier said than done. The company said it would rank news sources based in part on whether they drive engagement and discussion, and what NewsWhip’s data reinforces is that the most engaging content is often fake, or at least highly sensationalized.

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March 9: Most of the attention around fake news has focused on Facebook and YouTube, but other apps and services can also play a role in spreading misinformation, as Wired points out in a March 9 piece on the use of Facebook-owned messaging app WhatsApp in Brazil. Use of the app is apparently complicating the country’s attempts to deal with an outbreak of yellow fever, because of false reports about vaccinations:

In recent weeks, rumors of fatal vaccine reactions, mercury preservatives, and government conspiracies have surfaced with alarming speed on the Facebook-owned encrypted messaging service, which is used by 120 million of Brazil’s roughly 200 million residents. The platform has long incubated and proliferated fake news, in Brazil in particular. With its modest data requirements, WhatsApp is especially popular among middle and lower income individuals there, many of whom rely on it as their primary news consumption platform.

According to Wired, among the conspiracy theories circulating about the vaccination program are an audio message from a woman claiming to be a doctor, warning that the vaccine is dangerous, and a fake-news story connecting the death of a university student to the vaccine. As similar reports about the impact of Facebook in countries like Myanmar have shown, social-media driven conspiracy theories in the US can be annoying but in other parts of the world they can actually endanger people’s lives.

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March 8: Renee DiResta, a researcher with New Knowledge and a Mozilla fellow specializing in misinformation, argues that by using Facebook to spread fake news during the 2016 election, the “Russian troll factory” known as the Internet Research Agency was duplicating a strategy initially developed by ISIS, which used digital platforms and social-media methods to spread its message.

The online battle against ISIS was the first skirmish in the Information War, and the earliest indication that the tools for growing and reaching an audience could be gamed to manufacture a crowd. Starting in 2014, ISIS systematically leveraged technology, operating much like a top-tier digital marketing team. Vanity Fair called them “The World’s Deadliest Tech Startup,” cataloging the way that they used almost every social app imaginable to communicate and share propaganda.

Most of the major platforms made half-hearted attempts to get rid of this kind of content, but they were largely unsuccessful. What this showed, DiResta writes, was that the social platforms could be gamed in order to spread political messages, and that the same kinds of targeting techniques that worked for advertising could be turned to political use. And among those who were also learning this lesson, it seems, were some disinformation architects on a troll farm in Russia.

Despite all the dashed hopes from some of its other ventures, including short-form video and mobile-friendly Instant Articles, Facebook appears to be trying again to woo publishers with promises of future video riches. According to a report from Axios on Tuesday morning, the giant social network is reaching out to media companies and asking them to become partners in a news vertical that Facebook plans to add to its Watch video portal — .

Watch, which was launched last year with much fanfare, consists of a new tab with a dedicated stream of longer-form video programming that is much more like regular TV than much of the video that usually shows up on Facebook. Instead of 10-second loops of cat or dog antics, Watch carries shows from established media outlets like A&E and National Geographic. There’s also a fairly heavy emphasis on sports programming, including Major League Baseball games and behind-the-scenes content from the NBA.

It’s easy to see why a number of media companies jumped on board the Watch train: Facebook paid some of the publishers up front for their content, and said that once it was up and running, Watch partners would be able to keep 55 percent of any revenue generated by the videos, with the rest going to the network. Now the company is focusing on news programming, and working with 10 publishing partners, Axios says. Videos have to be a minimum of three minutes in length, and the news vertical is expected to launch this summer.

What’s surprising is that so many media companies would rush to partner with Facebook when there are so many examples of such hopes not panning out. The company’s initial short-form video push also came with much fanfare, and millions of dollars in payments both to publishers like The New York Times and to celebrities like comedian Kevin Hart. But Facebook’s desire for short-form video quickly waned, and some companies that had pushed a “pivot to video” strategy were left high and dry. Some missed revenue estimates and others have shut down.

Here’s more on Facebook’s somewhat tangled relationship with media companies and video:

• Campbell Brown, Facebook’s head of news partnerships, says that despite past hiccups with video, the social network is committed to its latest venture. “Timely news video is the latest step in our strategy to make targeted investments in new types of programming on Facebook Watch,” she told Axios. “As part of our broader effort to support quality news on Facebook, we plan to meet with a wide-range of potential partners to develop, learn and innovate on news programming tailored to succeed in a social environment.”
• When Facebook first launched Watch, it pushed its news partners for as much short video as possible. But later, the company found that the quality level of much of the content was lackluster, and as a result it drove little to no engagement, and therefore advertisers weren’t interested in being part of it. The social network then pushed for higher-quality video and started restricting who could monetize their shows and who couldn’t.
• Some media partners may have overcome their skepticism about Watch because Face has made it clear it intends to devote some major resources to building a presence in video programming. According to a report by The Wall Street Journal earlier this year, co-founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg has said he plans to spend as much as $1 billion on original video content this year. Facebook’s ultimate goal appears to be an all-out assault on YouTube’s status as the largest digital video platform.
• In one of the company’s latest moves to lock up the rights to lucrative content, Facebook signed a deal with Major-League Baseball worth between $30 million and $35 million that gives the social network the exclusive right to stream 25 weekly baseball games through Facebook Watch this year. The games will be produced by MLB but will be optimized for the Facebook site and its mobile apps.

Other notable stories:

• UN experts looking into ongoing human-rights abuses in Myanmar, where Rohingya Muslims have been persecuted and killed, pointed a finger at Facebook, saying fake news and conspiracy theories spread via the giant social network have put Rohingya lives at risk. Several journalists who work in the region talked with CJR about this problem earlier this year, saying Facebook has replaced the traditional news media for many users in developing countries like Myanmar, and false reports spread rapidly.
• Some British MPs are calling for Russia Today’s license to be revoked after reports that Russia was behind the recent poisoning of a former Russian double agent and his daughter, who were found unconscious on a park bench in Salisbury, England on March 4. A Labour MP asked the government to stop Russia Today from “broadcasting its propaganda,” but RT said it was being unfairly singled out, and noted that it had a better regulatory track record than many other British broadcasters.
• There’s been a shakeup at the top of Vice Media: Former A&E Networks head Nancy Dubuc was named the new CEO, replacing co-founder Shane Smith, who becomes executive chairman. Dubuc was already a board member of Vice because A&E owns a stake in the company, after Disney — which co-owns A&E with Hearst — invested $400 million in Vice in 2015. Vice has been hit by sexual harassment allegations, as well as criticism that its corporate culture ignored the obvious warning signs of such behavior.
• BuzzFeed co-founder and CEO Jonah Peretti talked with Digiday about the future of the company and its commitment to news. Peretti said that he thinks Google and Facebook are going to do more to support news because “if they don’t, they’ll be regulated.” He spoke with CJR recently about a range of similar topics, saying the company is committed to remaining in the news business despite somewhat lower returns.
• Sabrina Toppa writes for CJR about a movement in Pakistan to get legislation passed that would prevent attacks on journalists. In the past 15 years, 117 Pakistani journalists have been killed on the job, and attacks on reporters lead to self-censorship by media outlets, which puts press freedom at risk. According to the World Press Freedom Index, the country ranks 139th out of 180 worldwide.

When the political-action group known as Project Veritas came out with hidden-camera videos of a number of Twitter employees talking about the company’s practices last year, one of the mysteries was how the organization — infamous for its supposed “investigative” pieces on groups like Planned Parenthood — managed to record the videos. According to Kashmir Hill, in a piece published by Gizmodo on March 13, for at least some of the interviews the group created a fake startup and pretended it was interested in talking with staffers for potential jobs:

For four months last year, Norai thought he had a new job. He was in regular communication with his new colleagues, meeting up with them for dinner, drinks, and a baseball game, but they kept pushing his start date back, saying they were securing office space and finalizing funding. But in fact, there was no job. Tech Jobs Box wasn’t a real company.

In other cases, Hill says, male employees believed they were going on dates with potential romantic partners, who were actually secretly recording them. But isn’t this illegal in California, where both parties to a recording are supposed to agree before a recording is allowed? Veritas founder James O’Keefe said his organization believes that so long as the conversations occurred in public spaces where the other party had a reasonable expectation they might be overheard, the recordings aren’t illegal. A law professor tells Hill, however, that this applies to video but not audio.

March 7: New York Times reporter Farhad Manjoo spent two months consuming news only via print newspapers, and says his life was better as a result. After the Parkland school shooting, he writes:

“A friendly person I’ve never met dropped off three newspapers at my front door. That morning, I spent maybe 40 minutes poring over the horror of the shooting and a million other things the newspapers had to tell me. Not only had I spent less time with the story than if I had followed along as it unfolded online, I was better informed, too. Because I had avoided the innocent mistakes—and the more malicious misdirection—that had pervaded the first hours after the shooting, my first experience of the news was an accurate account of the actual events.”

It’s difficult to argue with Manjoo’s point, which is that the algorithmic incentives built into Twitter and Facebook “reward speed over depth, hot takes over facts and seasoned propagandists over well-meaning analyzers of news.” That said, however, newspapers also frequently get things wrong, distort the facts and engage in the old-fashioned version of clickbait, and much of that behavior gets revealed by thoughtful people on social media, provided you follow the right people. Trying to put the digital genie back in the bottle may be appealing in some ways, but it doesn’t really seem like a workable long-term strategy.

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March 7: The Trump campaign’s use of Facebook to connect with right-wing supporters has been widely credited with helping them win the 2016 election (along with the activities of some Russian trolls) and now another conservative politician is thanking social media for his victory. Italy’s new political star, Matteo Salvini of the far-right Lega party, gave credit to Facebook in a speech celebrating his party’s success:

“Local journalists said Salvini — a member of the European Parliament and leader of the far-right Lega party, which now stands to act as a kingmaker in the coming coalition negotiations — had shaken up the election with the now notorious populist strategy of attacking the traditional media and adopting a hyper-personal and hyper-partisan Facebook strategy. “Facebook was a huge part of his surge in the polls,” Il Post’s Davide Maria De Luca told BuzzFeed News.”

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March 7: Sri Lanka blocked Facebook and WhatsApp for three days because of posts on the social networks that the government said were encouraging violence against Muslims:

“Social media websites such as Facebook, Whatsapp, and Viber — which were created to bring us closer to our friends and family and make communication free and convenient — have been used to destroy families, lives and private property,” said Telecommunications, Digital Infrastructure, and Foreign Employment Minister Harin Fernando according to local media.

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March 7: Newspaper companies have gotten their wish — a bill introduced by Democratic senator David Cicilline (D-Rhode Island) would give them an exemption from antitrust so they could collude and seek collective action against Facebook and Google, something that News Media Alliance head David Chavern has been calling for for some time:

“Chavern says the alliance is seeking changes in five areas: platforms should share data about the publishers’ readers; better highlight trusted brands; support subscriptions for publishers; and potentially share more ad revenue and consider paying for some content. Silicon Valley companies swallowed a number of industries on their way to the top of the stock market. But Chavern believes the news business warrants intervention because of its role in a healthy democracy. “The republic is not going to suffer terribly if we have bad cat video or even bad movies or bad TV. The republic will suffer if we have bad journalism,” he says.

The senator says the bill would limit the action that the companies could take — for example, it would theoretically prevent them from colluding on price. But that seems to be exactly what Chavern has in mind, judging by his comments. And while Google and Facebook may have an advertising duopoly, is giving more power to a failing oligopoly really the best way to deal with that?

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March 5: Many digital-media startups have been cutting back or downsizing, but The Athletic is going in the opposite direction: The two-year-old subscription-based sports media startup has raised a $20-million round of funding and is preparing to more than double its staff and expand to new markets.

“Two years after launching as ‘the new sports page,’ the Athletic has raised $20 million, according to Athletic co-founder and Chief Executive Alex Mather. The funding round, the company’s third, was led by Evolution Media, the growth-stage investment company founded by TPG Growth and Creative Artists Agency. Before this round, the Athletic raised $10 million in two rounds led by Courtside Ventures. The Athletic plans to use most of the financing to continue its expansion across the U.S., establishing a presence in every market with a professional sports team by the end of the year.”

By the end of 2018, The Athletic says it plans to have between 200 and 350 employees, up from its current staff of 120. It is currently in 23 markets across the U.S. and Canada, and plans to expand to roughly 45 markets by the end of the year. Focusing on a news vertical with passionate fans seems to be making the difference for the company, which gets 100 percent of its revenues from subscriptions and therefore isn’t dependent on the shrinking digital advertising market.

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March 5: Facebook’s latest changes to its news-feed algorithm seem to be taking their toll on companies that have built their businesses on “viral” content for the social network: The latest victim is Rare, Cox Media’s conservative-focused news site, which the company said is shutting down after traffic evaporated. The site was set up in 2013 and worked its way up to 2.3 million FB fans and about 22 million uniques at its peak. Another Facebook-focused publisher, Little Things, also shut down recently after saying its Facebook traffic had fallen by about 70 percent following the latest algorithm tweak, and media industry watchers say viral-video companies like Jukin Media could also be threatened.

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March 5: Senate investigators are broadening their search for information about Russian trolls infiltrating social networks, and have asked Reddit and Tumblr for more details on their platforms. The Daily Beast reported last week that at least 21 accounts on Tumblr had ties to the Internet Research Agency, and Reddit CEO Steve Huffman said in a post on the site that his team had “found and removed a few hundred accounts.” But he also acknowledged that Reddit more broadly suffered from propaganda that was posted and shared by thousands of users who “appear to be unwittingly promoting Russian propaganda.”

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March 5: It’s hard to believe that this actually happened, given all the problems Facebook has been having, but the company admitted to running a survey with some users that asked whether it would be acceptable for an adult man to ask a 14-year-old girl for sexual photos.

“There are a wide range of topics and behaviours that appear on Facebook,” one question began. “In thinking about an ideal world where you could set Facebook’s policies, how would you handle the following: a private message in which an adult man asks a 14-year-old girl for sexual pictures.” The options available to respondents ranged from “this content should not be allowed on Facebook, and no one should be able to see it” to “this content should be allowed on Facebook, and I would not mind seeing it.”

Facebook’s vice president of product, Guy Rosen, said the surveys were a mistake. “We run surveys to understand how the community thinks about how we set policies,” he said. “But this kind of activity is and will always be completely unacceptable on FB. We regularly work with authorities if identified. It shouldn’t have been part of this survey. That was a mistake.” That seems like the understatement of the year.

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March 5: Media consultant Simon Galperin wants to create a system whereby local communities could use tax revenue to create a news and information entity called a Community Information Cooperative. The idea is that a fee levied on residents — similar to fees for fire services, water, sanitation, etc. — would allow a community to essentially self-fund their own local reporters. Galperin has set up a Kickstarter campaign to raise $2,000 to create a non-profit entity that would put the idea into action. He recently wrote at the CJR about how this might work in his home town:

“My hometown of Fair Lawn, New Jersey, has a population of 32,000 people. An annual $40 contribution per household could deliver a $500,000 operating budget to a newsroom devoted to understanding and serving the local news and information needs of its community. That budget could support print or online newspapers, or livestreaming town council meetings. A special service district for local journalism could convene community forums or media literacy classes, launch a text message and email alert system, or pay for chatbots that answer locally relevant questions, like “Is alternate side parking in effect?”

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March 4: Serial media entrepreneur Steven Brill and former WSJ publisher Gordon Crovitz have launched a startup called NewsGuard, which they hope will create a ranking system for the credibility of news. NewsGuard is hiring human journalists and editors to evaluate 7,500 news sites that account for 98% of engagement with news online in the U.S.

Websites will receive green, yellow, or red ratings based on how credible they are according to a range of factors, and there will also be what the company is calling “nutrition labels,” with more detailed information about each site. Crovitz says the idea is to let readers know whether “they need to take particular brands they see online with a grain of salt — or with an entire shaker.” The company plans to try and license its ranking system to Google, Facebook and Twitter.

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March 2: Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey acknowledged—not for the first time—that harassment and abuse are a problem on the platform, and said he is committed to helping “increase the collective health, openness, and civility of public conversation, and to hold ourselves publicly accountable towards progress.” How exactly the company plans to do that isn’t clear, but Dorsey said Twitter is working with a number of groups and services to try and identify both healthy and unhealthy conversation and find ways of decreasing the latter.

We’re committing Twitter to help increase the collective health, openness, and civility of public conversation, and to hold ourselves publicly accountable towards progress.

— jack (@jack) March 1, 2018

As well-meaning as Dorsey statements are, it’s hard to feel optimistic about Twitter’s chances of actually removing all the abuse, or of creating some kind of utopian ideal of “healthy conversation.” For one thing, the company has been promising to do this for the past year or more, without much sign of success. On top of that, healthy conversation is something that typically occurs between small groups of people—it’s not at all clear that such a thing can even exist on a platform that connects hundreds of millions of people instantaneously. And even if it can, it’s not going to be easy.

For journalists who are also into new technology, Jarrod Dicker has a pretty compelling CV: He was the head of product management at Huffington Post, director of digital products at Time Inc., helped run operations at online-publishing startup RebelMouse, and ran a digital-research lab at The Washington Post. With a career like that, lots of people in media pay attention when Dicker says something is interesting, and so many heads turned when he said he was leaving the Post for a blockchain startup called Poet.

For many people, “blockchain” is just the latest buzzword to infect internet-focused discussion and more recently media futurism, and there is no question that the topic is surrounded by almost unprecedented levels of hype, in part because it provides the foundation for crypto-currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, which have ballooned in value over the past year due to what many see as speculative hysteria.

That isn’t why Dicker is interested in it, however. Much like Civil, a blockchain-based media platform that wants to use the technology for journalism, Dicker sees Poet as a way of using blockchain to empower individual content creators—not just journalists or news organizations, but anyone who creates words or images or music or video for almost any purpose, including advertisers and brands. In effect, he says Poet is trying to build an open-source, blockchain-based licensing system for content.

To try and understand a bit more about what this means, and why Dicker decided to throw in the towel on a promising career at a traditional media entity, I talked with him recently by phone. What follows is a transcript of some of that discussion, edited for length and clarity.

CJR: Can you tell me a bit more about the background of Poet, and who is involved? I understand that it’s connected to Bitcoin Media in some way, yes?

JD: Yes, the Poet Foundation, which runs Po.et, is a separate entity. The parent company is BTC Media, and it’s based in Nashville. They bought Bitcoin magazine from [Ethereum founder] Vitalik Buterin, they own a few other publications and they do events and so on. They did an ICO for the Poet Foundation [an “initial coin offering,” which is a way of raising money for a blockchain-based business, like an equity IPO but with coins or tokens] and I think the documented raise was about $10 million, but since then the foundation has grown and now I think the market cap is around $160 million. We have about 58,000 content creators using the platform right now, we have a WordPress plugin and we also signed a partnership with the Maven network, which is James Heckman’s new venture, so all of those sites will be leveraging it.

CJR: And what is it about Poet that convinced you to join the company, or the foundation? What does it offer that you couldn’t get running the digital lab at the Post?

JD: So for the past few years I’ve been trying to figure out how to build a better media business, and it was just a constant effort in running uphill, not just in terms of financial struggles but ownership and platforms and so on, it’s hard to react in a marketplace where you feel like there’s literally no real control. The Post was great because we had investments and things like Orc and so on, so we had pretty diversified revenue, but it just felt like most people still aren’t looking at the real issues and how to fix them. There are people working on things like subscription tiers and what things should cost and so on, but a lot of it seems like a crapshoot. The bottom line is that media is being consumed more than ever, but there are two major issues: One is attribution, which you see with things like fake news but also sourcing and copyright, and the second is more of a macro idea, which is what is the value of content, whether it’s a story or a piece of music or art? We know how much it costs or how many ads we can put against it but what is its real value?

CJR: And how does Poet propose to solve that problem by using the blockchain? Does it use the blockchain’s “distributed ledger” structure the same way that Civil is?

JD: Yes, the name Poet comes from “proof of existence,” which was the first non-currency related implementation of blockchain technology, organized around attribution and valuation. And the potential of that kind of structure extends into things like smart contracts [for licensing content] or even just building a kind of seamless technology to allow any creator to have proof of the existence of their content in the blockchain that is meta-data enabled and be able to track that. We at Poet are working to be the standard for the world’s creative assets, by building seamless integrations within the Poet marketplace for anything involved in content. So that could go in WordPress or any kind of CMS [content-management system], or music creation tools, so when a piece of media is created, with the click of a button it is documented within the Poet platform, there’s a timestamp, and that allows for attribution of all these assets. 

CJR: And what would having that centralized database of content allow Poet to do? How does it make content more valuable, or empower creators?

JD: That kind of marketplace with attribution and so on benefits the creator but also the publisher, and anyone who wants a record of that content. Once we have all of these assets within the Poet Foundation, the idea is that it’s very easy to access and it’s open source, so it doesn’t cost money to access, and then it allows us or anyone to build a front end to index and search and find content to license and curate, a central marketplace for content, like a Getty Images or a Wikipedia. It’s not just a technically-driven opportunity for content management, but also a community of token-holders who go in and contribute content or license or commission new work, or to resolve conflicts of attribution, or stamp out bad actors—there are a ton of different opportunities. We’re working on plugin integrations, so we’re having conversations with creative platforms like Medium and even with Twitter. So we don’t really look at a tweet as a piece of content or something that has intellectual property value that could be tracked or licensed or whatever, but with Poet we’re trying to build a system that would allow you to do that.

CJR: So you see this as a way to give back a lot of the power that individual content creators have given up to platforms or to traditional media companies?

JD: Definitely. You can see with people like [YouTube star] Logan Paul or whatever, creators will go wherever is most beneficial for them to go, and you can see that with people like Ben Thompson of Stratechery and [former ESPN star] Bill Simmons, where they decide to build their own brand. Right now we’re confined to what the status quo is because that’s the way it’s always been, but most creators want to own their own IP and strike their own deals. So with something like Poet, you can own and archive your own content that’s recorded on the blockchain, and then license or syndicate it to whoever you want. The scary idea for media companies is that if this is possible, do we really need media companies any more? If you’re a sports blogger writing for SB Nation or Deadspin, and all your content is archived in Poet, you may get offers from other media companies, but also brands might say: “Hey look, you’re a big player in this space and we are willing to sponsor you,” and you can cut your own deal.

CJR: So you see Poet as being a way to reinvent sponsored content and advertising too?

JD: I think sponsored content as it stands now is a bubble, they are still using all these old-fashioned KPIs (key performance indicators like impressions or pageviews] and they just don’t work any more. There will be a change in that model. I don’t think there will be an ad-supported business model in five years, I think that is going to go away—not just because of people blocking ads but because brands are learning. Media companies keep telling them you can only do this and this, and users aren’t engaging, and at some point they will turn around and say “We have all the money, so we don’t need you.” It’s the same with platforms like Facebook and Snapchat and Twitter. They’re saying to publishers you can engage with your users on our platform, but you need to do A, B and C. I think everyone is looking for a new model, but I think that model has to come from outside, and that’s what made Poet attractive. There’s no real centralized marketplace for media, and we’re trying to leverage the blockchain and decentralization to fix that.

CJR: It doesn’t sound like traditional media companies are going to like this model very much, if it takes away their power and gives it to the creator?

JD: As CEO of Poet, I don’t want to be part of an organization that takes down media organizations, and I think in a way news is different, there will probably always be a model there for companies—and just because we are focused on the creator doesn’t mean media companies can’t use Poet as well. They can still own and archive their content and syndicate it through the platform, or find new writers and commission them to do new work. But could the model wind up disintermediating news or media companies? Yes, it definitely could. There’s just a lot more liberation of value in this model—maybe people working in news, instead of just working for CNN they create their own brand and then use Poet to leverage that brand in a bunch of different ways. It’s all about how we can acknowledge and attribute the value of the creator.

CJR: One thing that interests me is how a centralized technology that tracks every piece of content, no matter how small will affect fair use, which is a pretty important principle in copyright. Any thoughts?

JD: There could be issues there, definitely, if every piece of content can be time-stamped and tracked and attributed. But they’re very fixable I think—and I’m thinking of something like Creative Commons vs. Getty Images. There could be certain settings or limits or restrictions set up by the creator of the content to allow certain uses and not others. So if you’re thinking about sampling for DJs, what if a content creator was notified every time they were sampled? There’s value to the artist in knowing what is used and in being able to say yes or no, and they might decide that there’s value in being seen or heard so they don’t need to license it. There’s a lot of opportunity there to help come up with a way of solving some of the low-hanging fruit like sampling. Could it disrupt the media and the ways things currently work? Sure, but good things could also come out of it, with something like Napster you could say a lot of bad things happened but it forced everyone to react. The question is can we create something open source that allows us to try to get ahead of that kind of change and figure out how to make use of it or control it.

CJR: And when it comes to journalism in particular, what do you think of what Civil is trying to build with its blockchain-powered platform for publishing. Are you competing with them?

JD: Civil is focused on journalism specifically, where we’re broader and bit more macro-focused. So we see huge opportunity in what brands could do and how they could leverage Poet, and obviously that could be huge for journalists but also for any kind of content creator. Poet is open source and non-profit, so we’re not really competing with anyone, we’re not trying to generate revenue from it—it’s a very altruistic effort, so we’d love to work with Civil if they want to do that. And if someone wants to build something on top of Poet that they can generate revenue from, they are free to do that, just like someone building on WordPress or Github etc. There’s a lot of cynicism around ICOs, but we generated tokens to help support the foundation, so all of the dollars coming in go to support the foundation and the protocol, whether it’s through tokens or grants or whatever. So people can invest in our tokens the same way they would a stock but those investments go to the platform and building the community.

 

The Canadian government has pledged to create a fund that will dispense $50 million over the next five years to support local journalism in Canada, but many observers say it is too little money, and comes too late to make much of a difference to the country’s struggling media industry. The pledge was made as part of the federal budget that was handed down late Tuesday afternoon.

Erin Millar, co-founder of a digital-only media outlet called Discourse Media, says she was afraid at first that the budget proposal was going to be a bailout for failing media entities like The Toronto Star and Postmedia—which owns daily newspapers in most of Canada’s major cities, including Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Vancouver—but doesn’t think the fund qualifies because it is so small.

“If you gave $5 million to Postmedia or the Star that would be gone by lunch,” Millar said in an interview. “So if it’s not a bailout, the next question you have to ask is whether this money is going to actually have any impact or not. And is this all going to newspapers, or is there going to be some going towards new digital startups? We just don’t know.”

The government has yet to provide any details about the funding, but sources who have been involved in the decision-making process say the money may go to The Canadian Press, a wire service owned by several large publishers including Torstar and The Globe and Mail, so that it can hire reporters in local markets. This was one of the proposals made in a report from the non-profit Public Policy Forum that was commissioned by the government to look into the future of news.

“If they spend it directly on hiring journalists in local markets, that’s better than supporting a dying business model I suppose,” Millar says. “But it’s not really an investment in the future because those journalists will go away when the money goes away.” What is most depressing, she says, is that “I feel like it’s going to be all the same people in charge of handing out that money—it’s like the same 12 people who were there when things went bad are still controlling the discussion and all the money.”

Discourse has built a 20-person operation in three years based in Vancouver and Toronto, with reporters in several smaller markets in BC and Saskatchewan. “The only reason I was able to do this is because I was willing to put my house on the line,” Millar says. The company—which had $750,000 in revenue last year from subscriptions and donations—has raised $350,000 through a share issue and $250,000 from a private investor, and Millar says it is close to closing another $400,000 funding round.

Jeremy Klaszus, founder and editor of a Calgary-based journalism startup called The Sprawl, said that he hopes none of the funds the government has promised will go to existing media outlets like Postmedia. “They have relentlessly devalued local journalism,” he said in an interview. “The thought of them getting any kind of support for local journalism is a bit of a joke.”

Writer and editor Selena Ross says she is encouraged by the fact that the government seemed to be focusing on under-served communities rather than bailing out existing media businesses. “I think the focus on under-served communities is really good to hear because it eliminates places that are covering Toronto or Ottawa or these major cities,” she said in an interview.” There are some places in Canada that are medium-sized and small towns that are in really dire straits.”

Ken Whyte is the former editor of the National Post, a national daily newspaper owned by Postmedia that was created in 1998 by erstwhile media mogul and Conservative pundit Conrad Black, and is also a former senior executive with Rogers Communications, one of Canada’s largest cable companies. He says he would rather the government had done nothing instead of creating the $50 million fund, because it is too little money to make a difference to the industry, and comes too late to be of any use.

“They’d be better off not doing anything,” Whyte said in an interview. “There’s three problems with what they’re doing—the first is that there’s no amount of money that they’d be willing to spend that’s going to save print journalism. If they wanted to do that they’d just be writing endless cheques to support a product no one wants. The second reason is that to the extent they try to prop up old businesses, they interfere with the birth and growth of new media outlets, and third, there’s a sizeable constituency out there that doesn’t trust the mainstream media, and will trust it even less if it’s subsidized by the government.”

John Hinds, president of an association of newspaper publishers called News Media Canada, said in a statement that his group is concerned that “the amount announced is far too little to address the growing challenge of providing local news. The association had been proposing that the government remake the Canadian Periodical Fund (which supports the print magazine business) and give it $350 million in funding.

According to Hinds, the Canadian journalism industry has lost more than 16,000 jobs in the past decade, as publishers have been forced to cut staff and other costs in order to keep pace with plunging advertising revenues. Postmedia has been the victim of deep cuts due in part to high levels of debt, incurred when the company was restructured after going bankrupt in 2010. A number of US-based hedge funds, including Golden Tree Asset Management, acquired a large stake in the company.

As in the US, local media markets have been hard hit by cutbacks, with many municipalities losing their only newspaper due to closures. Postmedia and Torstar—which owns the daily Toronto Star newspaper as well as a chain of small weeklies—recently did a deal in which they swapped ownership of more than 40 small newspapers, and the vast majority of them were subsequently shut down.

The government also said in the budget that it will make it easier for existing media organizations to seek non-profit status, so that they can accept donations from the public and from charitable foundations. Canadian law currently doesn’t allow media companies to define themselves as non-profit, which makes it difficult for them to get contributions from foundations and other benefactors.

“If it’s non-profit status, all that really does is confirm that these things don’t make money any more, and allows them to go out and beg with a certain amount of dignity,” says Whyte. “So instead of issuing shares, Torstar could go out and ask for donations, and people might be more likely to do that if it wasn’t a commercial enterprise and their money wasn’t going to pay Torstar dividends. If they want to do that they can go ahead I suppose, it might be incremental revenue but it’s not going to save the model.”

Klaszus said he is interested in the possibility of changes to non-profit rules, because that would make a tangible difference to his ability to raise money for his startup. “The part that catches my interest is making it so media organizations can get foundation support, which is really hard in Canada right now.”

Ross said the non-profit changes are “a huge, huge move and will actually make a much bigger difference in the long term, because it will allow organizations to restructure a little bit and try and find if there are foundations or people or maybe even ongoing crowdfunding that would work for them. It could turn into a longer-term thing or it could help tide newspapers over until they sort out their financial problems.”

As Facebook continues to take fire for leaving the media industry twisting in the wind with its new algorithm changes, not to mention the pressure to do something about fake news and disinformation on the platform, the social network appears to be looking for olive branches with which to help smooth over its fractious relationship with the press. The latest was the announcement on Tuesday of a local journalism “accelerator” project which Facebook says is designed to help small newspapers and other local media outlets figure out how to boost their subscription revenue.

In a blog post, Facebook’s Head of News Partnerships, Campbell Brown, called the project “a $3 million, three-month pilot program to help metro newspapers take their digital subscription business to a new level.” Conspicuously absent, not surprisingly, was any mention of the main reason why newspapers and other media outlets are being forced to focus on subscription revenue—namely, that Facebook and Google have vacuumed up the vast majority of digital advertising over the past few years, leaving much of the media industry with a giant, smoking crater where their ad revenues used to be.

According to Brown, the new venture will work with 10-15 metro news organizations to “unlock strategies” that could help them build subscriptions using Facebook’s platform, and will be led by former former Texas Tribune publisher Tim Griggs. Newspapers already enrolled include The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Boston Globe and The Miami Herald. Brown said Facebook has also partnered with The Lenfest Institute for Journalism, a non-profit foundation set up by former cable magnate Larry Lenfest that owns and publishes The Philadelphia Inquirer and The Philadelphia Daily News. The Institute will distribute case studies from the pilot group through the Local Media Consortium.

Pretty savvy move by Facebook to make it look like it cares about local reporting when it's becoming clearer that the company's values are not aligned with responsible journalism needed to sustain a healthy democracy. https://t.co/tkG7F9BSrO

— Nathan Bomey (@NathanBomey) February 27, 2018

If Facebook hoped that its announcement of financial support might be greeted by cheers, or even a weak thumbs up, it was likely disappointed in the response. Much of the reaction from media Twitter was highly skeptical of the effort—in part because of Facebook’s history of giving to the media industry with one hand and taking away with the other, but also because of the tiny sum of money involved. Although something is always better than nothing, the money that the social network has committed to this three-month pilot project amounts to 0.00007 percent of Facebook’s 2017 revenues, which feels a little like a Wall Street investment banker giving a homeless man a two-cent donation to help him get back on his feet.

Here’s more on Facebook and its tangled relationship with the media and advertising:

• Facebook may want to help media outlets do more on the subscription front, but some industry insiders say that isn’t going to be much help for a lot of existing publishers. “A lot of people are going, ‘Reader revenue, it’s working for The New York Times, it’s working for specialty publications; that’s our path,'” former Twitter and NPR executive Vivian Schiller told Digiday. “I’m afraid for most news publishers, it’s going to end in tears.”
• In a recent piece on Facebook and the 2016 US election, Wired magazine said the Trump campaign was helped by the fact that its advertising was more controversial, because that meant it paid less for its ads than the Clinton campaign, something former Trump digital director Brad Parscale appeared to confirm (Facebook’s ad prices are based in part on how much engagement they get).  But Facebook’s former VP of ads Andrew “Boz” Bosworth said on Twitter that this isn’t the case.
• On a related note, Trump’s team announced Tuesday that the president has named Parscale as his campaign manager for 2020. Parscale has been credited with designing and overseeing the Facebook-based advertising machine that some believe helped put Trump in the White House.
• Barack Obama spoke at an MIT event that was closed to the media, but Reason magazine got a copy of his remarks, in which he said platforms like Facebook and Google “have to have a conversation about their business model that recognizes they are a public good as well as a commercial enterprise. They’re not just an invisible platform, they’re shaping our culture in powerful ways.”
• The newspaper industry doesn’t intend to hand over the media business to Facebook and Google without a fight, it seems. David Chavern, the head of the News Media Alliance (formerly the Newspaper Association of America) argues in the Wall Street Journal that Congress should give media companies an exemption from anti-trust law so they can compete.

Other notable stories:

• The New York Times is said to be working on a new 30-minute weekly TV-style news show, and is in talks with streaming services and cable channels about a deal to distribute it, assistant managing editor Sam Dolnick told CNN. The paper says the series “will include groundbreaking investigations, on-the-ground reporting, agenda-setting interviews and new formats yet to be invented.”
• Civil, a startup that is building a platform for financing and distributing journalism using the blockchain and its own crypto-currency, announced its newest partner site this morning. The new site will be helmed by Gawker Media veteran Tom Scocca, who said he hopes it can become a place for smart social and political commentary that promotes new voices.
• Quinn Norton, who was briefly hired as a new columnist for The New York Times opinion section and then abruptly un-hired after controversial comments she made on Twitter resurfaced, has written an essay for The Atlantic about the experience. She says the backlash on Twitter, which was based in part on her friendship with a neo-Nazi, involved “a bizarro version of myself.”
• The Knight Foundation has released a fascinating study that looks at how various sub-cultures on Twitter, including Black Twitter and Feminist Twitter, interact with the mainstream news media. The research looked at over 46 million tweets between 2015 and 2016 and found that issues which later became broadly important often started within those sub-groups.
• Kim Ruehl writes for CJR about a digital alternative-music magazine called No Depression that is larger than ever and still publishing a quarterly filled with long-form articles by a group of paid freelancers, almost a decade after it stopped printing.

Now that special counsel Robert Mueller has indicted more than a dozen Russian agents and several Russian corporations as part of his investigation into interference in the 2016 US election, it’s tempting to believe the problem has been solved. But while the “troll factory” known as the Internet Research Agency appears to be defunct, that doesn’t mean trolls have been stopped in their tracks. If anything, in fact, they seem to be popping up almost everywhere: The New York Times reported that Twitter accounts with links to Russia moved quickly to take advantage of the attention focused on the mass shooting at a school in Parkland, Florida — posting hundreds of updates related to the event and to the topic of gun control under popular hashtags.

How extensive or influential this was, however, is unclear. The Times relied in part on data from Hamilton68, a site which tracks the behavior of a range of Russian accounts, but the site’s conclusions have been questioned by some. The dashboard of alleged activity was created by The Alliance For Securing Democracy, which in turn is associated with the German Marshall Fund. According to The Intercept’s Glenn Greenwald, the Alliance and the Fund are backed by notorious right-wing warmongers such as Bill Kristol and Mike Chertoff, and their conclusions should be taken with a grain of salt. Others have also raised concerns: The Russia-focused news site Meduza notes Hamilton68 won’t say which accounts it follows, and in some cases they appear to just be accounts set up by actual Russian entities such as the broadcaster Russia Today.

Russian trolls seem to have become everyone’s favorite excuse for just about any negative outcome. Newsweek and the site RawStory, for example, both ran with pieces that claimed former Senator Al Franken’s resignation after sexual harassment allegations was driven by Russian trolls hijacking the #MeToo campaign. These reports were also based at least in part on conclusions by Hamilton68, which Newsweek said called the anti-Franken campaign “officially a Russian intelligence operation.” But fact-checking by Snopes.com found some holes in the story, including the fact that a piece by Ijeoma Oluo was supposedly part of the campaign and was promoted by trolls, even though Oluo told Snopes her article was written after Franken had already decided to resign.

Even New Yorker writer Adrian Chen, who wrote what is probably the definitive profile of the Russian “troll factory” known as the Internet Research Agency, has actually been down-playing the influence of the IRA to some extent. In an interview with Chris Hayes on MSNBC, Chen said that while some commentators have compared the troll campaign to Pearl Harbor and other major global events, it was “essentially just a social-media marketing campaign” and therefore probably not worth plunging the US into a state of national emergency. Atlantic writer Alexis Madrigal seems to concur: he says the Russian troll campaign “wasn’t that sophisticated,” and that if the IRA had been a Silicon Valley startup “they probably would not be picking up a fresh round of venture capital” because their methods were so haphazard.

Here’s some further reading on the topic of Russian trolls and their alleged activity in the US:

• Nate Silver at Five Thirty Eight asks the question “How much did Russian interference affect the 2016 election?” and comes up with a not very satisfying answer: “It’s hard to say.” Russian activity was part of a campaign that had been going on for years even before the election, Silver says, and its actual influence is difficult to measure. He believes a letter from former FBI director James Comey to Congress — saying the investigation into Hillary Clinton was still open — probably had more impact.
• Foreign policy analyst Molly McKew, however, who specializes in information warfare and has advised several European governments, says in Wired that “it’s now undeniable” Russia affected the 2016 election. The troll factory campaign involved tens of millions of dollars spread over several years to build what she calls a “broad, sophisticated system that can influence American opinion.” For example, McKew notes that actual events took place that were orchestrated by the Russians.
• But were those events actually successful in changing anyone’s mind about Trump or Clinton or the election? A piece in The New York Times makes it sound as though at least a few of them were poorly organized and failed to amount to much of anything. A fake group called Heart of Texas, for example, set up an anti-Muslim rally in Houston, but only a dozen people showed up.
• Also in The New York Times, Amanda Taub and Max Fisher argue that whatever Russian meddling there was amounts to “a drop in the ocean of American-made discord.” The real problem, they say, is a wave of partisan polarization that has “infected the American political system, weakening the body politic and leaving it vulnerable to manipulation.” In particular, Taub and Fisher say, research suggests that people who are hyper-partisan in their views are more susceptible to “fake news.”
• Meanwhile, a Facebook executive was forced to apologize to his colleagues after comments he made on Twitter about the Mueller investigation were retweeted by Donald Trump. Rob Goldman, a vice-president in charge of advertising, suggested that the main goal of the Russian troll campaign was not to influence the election but to destabilize American society. Goldman sent a message to staff apologizing for his comments, and said he didn’t intend to undermine the special counsel or his conclusions.

Other notable stories:

• In a recent speech at the University of Oxford, Washington Post executive editor Martin Baron talked about how much the media and social landscape in the US has changed, and how the rise of “fake news” and conspiracy theories has changed the game. “I think we must recognize that something profound has changed in our profession,” he said. “Journalism may not work as it did in the past. Our work’s anticipated impact may not materialize. The public may not process information as it did previously.”
• Adeshina Emmanuel writes in CJR about his experiences with alt-weekly Chicago Reader editor Mark Konkol, who was fired after less than three weeks on the job. A Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, Konkol had pledged to “bring a new vibe” to the magazine, but quickly acquired a reputation for being a bully, and also drew controversy with a racially charged image he chose for the cover of a new issue.
• Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte has banned a local news site called Rappler from covering his official events, according to a Reuters report. The president blamed the site for publishing “fake news” about his government, including a story that said his senior aide had intervened in a navy procurement deal. Philippine securities regulators recently revoked Rappler’s license to operate because of what it said were irregularities involving one of its investors, eBay billionaire Pierre Omidyar. Rappler is appealing.
• Dylan Byers of CNN has launched a beta test of a newsletter called Pacific, which will cover “the innovation economy.” According to a tweet from Byers with a mockup of the newsletter masthead, a group of 150 tech and media executives, journalists and friends have been given access to a trial version of the newsletter, which was announced in September and is set to officially launch in March. CNN said it will focus on the West Coast-based companies “that have changed media, technology, and politics.”
• A judge in St. John’s, Newfoundland has ruled that it was not a criminal act for a man to yell an offensive phrase at a TV reporter as he drove past her in his truck while she was interviewing the mayor. The phrase in question has become a popular Internet meme, and has been shouted at journalists both in the US and elsewhere. But the judge ruled that while it was offensive and hurtful, it was not a criminal offense.

So-called “fake news” has become a hot button topic of late, thanks to the repeated use of that term by Donald Trump and his followers, who use it to describe any story they disagree with. After initially dismissing the problem, Facebook has promised to crack down on disinformation, and so has Google. But experts say the problem of what they call “computational propaganda” doesn’t just piggy-back on social platforms — it is arguably baked into the DNA and the business model of companies like Facebook, Google and Twitter. And it’s going to take more than a few algorithm tweaks to get rid of it.

Dipayan Ghosh is a computer scientist who helped provide technical advice to the Obama administration while working on his PhD, and then wound up working at Facebook as part of the privacy and public policy team. In 2016, he says, he and others started to notice a deluge of “fake news” and other disinformation, one that appeared to be driven by the News Feed algorithm. When Donald Trump was elected, Ghosh says he had a kind of crisis of conscience, because he believed that politically motivated misinformation had helped Trump win.

“I was sitting on the floor at the Javits Center watching and I was shaken to the core,” Ghosh says. “It was just such a shocker. I couldn’t understand it given [Clinton’s] rise in the popular vote, and I thought there might be something else going on, a pro-active campaign going on under the table that was manifesting itself in the election.” Facebook later admitted before Congress that Russian trolls had promoted fake news and taken advantage of the platform in order to reach more than 125 million people.

After his election-night disillusionment, Ghosh joined the New America foundation and Harvard’s Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, where he started researching the impact of digital propaganda distributed by social platforms. In January, he published a report called “Digital Deceit: The Technologies Behind Precision Propaganda on the Internet” with Ben Scott, a former innovation adviser at the US State Department.

While most of the attention focused on content from the Internet Research Agency, a Russian “troll factory,” the New America report notes that this is just the tip of a very large digital iceberg. “These platform companies are at the center of a vast ecosystem of services that enable highly targeted political communications that reach millions of people with customized messages that are invisible to the broader public,” Ghosh and Scott wrote.

In effect, they say, Russian trolls and others take advantage of how social platforms and ad networks are constructed in order to turn them to their own purposes. “Disinformation campaigns are functionally little different from any other advertising campaign, and the leading internet platforms are equipped with world class technology to help advertisers reach and influence audiences,” the report says.

What that means is that “there’s a fundamental alignment between the goals of the Internet platform and the goals of the disinformation operator,” Ghosh said in an interview. “That fundamental goal is to get the user to stay there as long as possible. Their motivations are different — for platform it is to maximize ad space, to collect more information about the individual and to rake in more dollars, and for the disinformation operator the motive is the political persuasion of the individual to make a certain decision. But until we change that alignment, we are not going to solve the problem of disinformation on these platforms.”

After Robert Mueller indicted 13 Russian nationals and three Russian companies for their attempts to influence the US election, sociologist Zeynep Tufekci noted on Twitter that the indictment “shows RU used social media just like any other advertiser/influencer. They used the platforms as they were designed to be used.”

Indictment shows RU used social media just like any other advertiser/"influencer". They used the platforms as they were designed to be used to make money. I watched this up to the election. Such deliberate, false incitement was not just done by foreigners. https://t.co/2b1v1tMqw9 pic.twitter.com/X9kEijqu92

— zeynep tufekci (@zeynep) February 16, 2018

Facebook and Google, says Ghosh, “have not necessarily encouraged the environment of disinformation but have enabled it through the mass collection of individual data, with as much granularity as possible within legal limits,” something Tufekci has described as “surveillance capitalism.” This kind of structure allows advertisers to target users based on a wide range of interests, but it also allows political parties and much more nefarious groups to do the same, and to fine-tune their propaganda to have as much effect as possible.

“It’s a very hard problem — how to distinguish between disinformation and authentic political speech,” Ghosh says. “Those that are clearly foreign agents can be blocked, but with domestic operators there’s an obvious tension there between preventing harm and impacting on free speech, and I don’t think there’s a clear solution yet. But we are definitely going to see more domestic actors in 2018 and that is frightening.”

Although Facebook has gotten the lion’s share of the attention for the way it was manipulated by Russian trolls, it is not alone in facing this problem. Guillaume Chaslot is a former Google engineer who helped develop the algorithms that determine which videos to recommend to YouTube watchers, and he says the platform has a very real issue with promoting fake news and disinformation.

Chaslot says while studying the functioning of the recommendation algorithm, he noticed that in many cases, the videos that the software was promoting were of questionable quality — factually inaccurate reports from dodgy websites pushing conspiracy theories and hoaxes. So he tried to come up with ways to improve the quality of the recommendations, but says his superiors at YouTube weren’t interested. All they wanted, he says, was for the team to come up with ways of getting people to spend more time on the platform.

“Total watch time was what we went for — there was very little effort put into quality,” Chaslot said in an interview with CJR. “All the things I proposed about ways to recommend quality were rejected.”

In a blog post in early 2017 entitled “How YouTube’s A.I. boosts alternative facts,” Chaslot described an experiment he conducted which pretended to view YouTube videos and then catalogued the automated recommendations. In a number of cases, the most recommended videos involved conspiracy theories about the earth being flat, the Pope being an agent of evil, Michelle Obama being a man, etc.

“I came to the conclusion that the powerful algorithm I helped build plays an active role in the propagation of false information,” Chaslot wrote. And it does so because YouTube wants to keep people using the service, and salacious or bizarre hoaxes and conspiracy theories keep people engaged.

In addition, as Chaslot describes, “once a conspiracy video is favored by the A.I., it gives an incentive to content creators to upload additional videos corroborating the conspiracy. In turn, those videos increase the retention statistics of the conspiracy. Next, the conspiracy gets recommended further. Eventually, the large amount of videos favoring a conspiracy makes it appear more credible.” As a result, the problem snowballs.

It’s not just fake news or hoaxes that are involved in these organized propaganda campaigns, Tow Center researcher Jonathan Albright notes. He looked at more than 200,000 tweets that were connected to Russian troll accounts — tweets that were provided to NBC by Twitter insiders before they were deleted — and analyzed them based on the content they were linking to. Many of them distributed real news stories from traditional sources, but in a way that was designed to promote a specific pro-Trump agenda.

When The Guardian wrote about his research, Chaslot says representatives from Google and YouTube criticized his methodology and tried to convince the paper not to do the story, promising to publish a blog post refuting his claims, but no such post was ever published. The company said it “strongly disagreed” with the research — but after Senator Mark Warner raised concerns about YouTube promoting what he called “outrageous, salacious and often fraudulent content,” Google thanked the paper for doing the story.

After The Wall Street Journal reproduced some of Chaslot’s findings, the head of YouTube’s recommendations team said that “We recognize that this is our responsibility, and we have more to do.” The search giant has come under fire for a number of similar problems in the past, including an incident in which a fake news story was one of the top recommended links related to the mass shooting in Las Vegas. Google says it is trying to surface “more authoritative” content when people look for hoaxes or conspiracy theories.

“They have made some changes to the search algorithm so it recommends more high-quality content,” says Chaslot, “but if you look at what is recommended, it is still very divisive politically.” In the US this might not be a problem because of the country’s strong democracy and a culture of respect for the First Amendment, he says, “but in some countries where you don’t have that culture it could be a much worse problem. There is the same issue in France, where recommendations quickly get into conspiracy theories.”

Platforms like YouTube and Facebook “seem very democratic, because anyone can click the like button and have a vote on the content,” Chaslot says. “But if you know how the system works, if you’re a Russian troll or someone like that, you can figure out how to have a lot more impact, because you know how to organize your content, when to publish, and a lot of other things that increase the probability of your video being seen.”

Google and Facebook often say that they don’t want to get into the business of deciding what is true and what isn’t, but Chaslot describes this argument as “total bullshit.” Both platforms could easily create the kinds of tools or processes that are used on a site like Wikipedia, he said, where a group of moderators decide what information to keep and what not to keep. “There are lots of tools they could try, but they don’t really have any interest in doing it,” Chaslot says. “They have the money to do it, and there are people working there who want to do it, but they don’t bother to try and do it because there is no incentive to do so.”

Lisa-Maria Neudert is part of a team of researchers who work on the Oxford Internet Institute’s computational propaganda project. In a recent report, the Institute looked at how and where “fake news” stories and related content were shared on Twitter and Facebook, and found that those who shared such posts tended to be Trump supporters or from the conservative end of the political spectrum.

Propaganda isn’t new, says Neudert. But what is new is the ease with which it can be created and distributed, and the speed with which such campaigns can be generated — and the fact that they can be targeted to specific individuals or groups, thanks to Facebook and Google’s ad technologies.

“This ability to have mass distribution at extremely low cost enables propaganda at an entirely different scale, one we’ve never seen before,” she says. “And it uses all of the information that we as users are consciously and unconsciously providing, to produce individualized propaganda.”

In a sense, just as Facebook and Google and Twitter have democratized social communication and media, they have also democratized propaganda. “Social media has shifted the capability of designing propaganda to regular users,” says Neudert. “So it’s no longer something that is created by big companies or governments — now the everyday lay person can make a propaganda campaign or a disinformation site or create a bot army.”

For example, critics say Twitter has made it easy for groups or even individuals to create what some call “astro-turfing” campaigns, which are designed to give the impression that there is widespread support for certain views, because the service allows users to create and distribute sponsored posts for entirely fictitious organizations, without even having to have a Twitter account or a website to point to.

A non-profit group called The Alliance for Securing Democracy, which is funded by the German Marshall Fund, runs a site called Hamilton68 that tracks the behavior of Russian troll accounts, and has shown that they exhibit organized behavior around specific news hashtags, including those that were used prior to the release of the Nunes memo, as well as hashtags used following the Parkland shootings.

The social platforms have been slow to realize just how integral a role they play in this new form of disinformation, Neudert argues.

“I think [Facebook] has had a rude awakening, that the way they structure their platforms has contributed to this problem, but it has been a slow awakening,” she says. “It was only after months and months of pressure that we saw some of the data being shared, and they still haven’t shared even a small part of the massive amounts of data they have. If they shared more, I think maybe we could come up with better solutions.”

Some of Facebook’s proposed news-feed changes could actually make the disinformation problem worse, Neudert says.

“The content that is the most misleading or conspiratorial, that’s what’s generating the most discussion and the most engagement, and that’s what the algorithm is designed to respond to,” she says. “So it promotes these kinds of issues even more by exploiting the way that human attention works. The environment maximizes for outrage. They say they want more meaningful conversation, but it’s not clear how they are going to define that.”

 

At first glance, it seems like an oxymoron: A magazine that exists only on the Internet, filled with content that can only be consumed once you have disconnected from the Internet. But that’s exactly the kind of contradiction founder Chris Bolin says he was going for when he created his new magazine, The Disconnect.

Bolin makes a point of saying he isn’t some kind of Internet-hating Luddite, trying to show how evil the global computer network or technology in general is. In fact, he’s a computer programmer who works with digital technologies for a living, with no background in publishing literary magazines. So why did he create one that makes such a dramatic point about the need to disconnect from the Internet?

“I created it in part because I think it’s funny to use irony in that kind of way — to have a piece of the Internet that forces you to leave the Internet,” Bolin said in an interview with CJR. “To create something new that functions as commentary but is also participatory, in that it forces you to participate by disconnecting.”

And how does it do that? Bolin says it takes advantage of a function built into most web browsers, which detects whether a user is connected to the Internet. There are ways around that process, he says — for example, by putting the browser into developer mode — but he figures most people probably won’t go to those lengths. Plus, the request to disconnect is mostly designed to make a point.

“I guess it’s kind of like a paywall,” Bolin says of the banner on the site that asks users to turn off their connection. “But it’s more of a pay-attention wall.”

The process works because all of the content is downloaded when a user first visits the site, but access isn’t provided until the browser detects that it is no longer connected. Bolin says the entire magazine is only about 250 kilobytes because there are few images and no ads. The content consists of essays — including one that argues getting away from the Internet has become a privilege — as well as poetry and fiction.

Bolin says he was driven to create The Disconnect in part because he noticed his own tendency towards a kind of Internet addiction, where you find yourself following link after link for no real purpose, until you have disappeared down a rabbit hole and you look up to see that hours have gone by.

There are a number of different apps that are designed to help users focus on a task and screen out some of the random interruptions that occur when you’re online, but Bolin says he personally found that sometimes the only way to really get away from that kind of distraction was to actually pull the plug, something he says he did occasionally while trying to write his graduate thesis. “It’s disconnecting as a way of saving you from yourself.”

Bolin first experimented with a site called Offline, which contained a single essay by the same name that talked about the need to disconnect, which could only be viewed once a user had disconnected.

As he put it in the essay: “I have spent hours caught in webs of my own curiosity. Most dangerous is the split-second whim: ‘I wonder what the second most commonly spoken language is?’ Those 500 milliseconds could change your day, because it’s never just one Google search, never just one Wikipedia article. Disconnecting from the internet short-circuits those whims, allowing you to move on unencumbered.

The Internet is a tremendously useful thing, says Bolin. “But it’s not really designed for people — or rather it’s designed for perfect people. If you were a machine, you could decide which links you see are relevant to your task and just follow those. But for human beings, the unknown is always more interesting than the known, so maybe you open a link in another tab — it’s kind of the thrill of the hunt.”

With the magazine, Bolin says he wanted to encourage people to think about their need for a constant connection to the Internet or the web. ” Overall I think Internet is a good thing, but I also think it’s beneficial to go through the process of removing yourself from that thing and forcing yourself to think about what’s good about it and what’s not. This isn’t a Luddite rallying cry, the Internet is here to stay, but confronting it and thinking about it and what it means still seems like a good idea.”

One response he has gotten to the idea of The Disconnect, says Bolin, is a kind of sarcastic suggestion that if he really wanted to create something where people couldn’t read it online, he could have just published a regular printed magazine instead of going to such lengths.

“The sardonic take is ‘Hey, congratulations, you’ve invented a magazine,'” he says. “But in this case in order to get it, you don’t have to order it, you don’t have to go to a newsstand, you don’t even have to have a physical address, you don’t have to waste trees, and so on.”

 

 

“I don’t think the internet is bad — in fact, I think it is very good,” says Bolin. “It does a great job of connecting people who would never be connected, and creating business opportunities, just like the printing press was a good thing. I don’t think it’s a bad thing, I just think we should reflect on it a bit.”

Facebook has announced a number of new features recently that appear to be designed to repair the company’s relationship with the media, the fractious state of which was the subject of a long cover story in the latest Wired magazine, featuring an artist’s rendering of Mark Zuckerberg looking as though he has just been mugged. Two senior executives also talked at a Recode event about their view of the Facebook/media landscape. There are a lot of moving parts to all of these various developments, so here’s a quick overview.

The Wired story goes into some detail (thanks to what it says were over 50 conversations with current and former employees) about how Facebook’s view of itself has evolved over the past few years, how it first denied being a media entity and only recently grudgingly admitted to having played a key role in the dissemination of political disinformation orchestrated by Russian troll factories. One key turning point was the controversy in 2016 over alleged manipulation of the “trending topics” feature, and another key point was getting hauled in front of Congress for hearings into foreign political activities on the platform.

Since then, Facebook has said it is moving the news-feed algorithm away from mainstream news and more towards user-generated content that generates discussion, with the proviso that it will introduce “high quality” news into a user’s feed, based on user surveys of trusted news sources. “This is not us stepping back from news,” Head of News Campbell Brown said at Recode. “We are, for the first time in the history of Facebook, taking a step in trying to define what quality news looks like and try to give that a boost.”

Both Brown and VP of News Feed Adam Mosseri said they are trying to make things easy for media companies, but there is only so much they can do. “My job isn’t to convince them to stay on Facebook,” said Brown. “If someone feels that being on Facebook is not good for your business, you shouldn’t be on Facebook. This is not about us trying to make everybody happy.” That said, Brown and Mosseri announced several features designed to soothe the ruffled feathers of news entities, including a hard-news section for Facebook Watch videos and support for paywalls in Instant Articles, which will integrate directly with publishers’ paid offerings. Whether that changes the skepticism some companies seem to have towards Instant Articles remains to be seen.

Here are some more links related to Facebook and its evolving relationship with the media:

• The Hollywood Reporter has details about the company’s roll-out of both paywall support in Instant Articles and a news section for Facebook Watch. The integration of subscriptions into Instant Articles was reportedly held up because of a dispute with Apple about revenue sharing that has apparently been settled.
• Facebook’s Mosseri admitted that while the changes to the ranking of news in a user’s feed could help some media outlets, including some local publishers that are highly trusted, it could also result in “meaningful downward pressure in the months ahead” for other publishers who don’t make the cut.
• Mosseri said his biggest fear for the future is that Facebook may miss the next big problem caused by foreign agents because of a blind spot, the same way it was slow to recognize the problem of disinformation or fake news coming from Russian troll factories during the 2016 election.
• Meanwhile, a Facebook crackdown on sponsored content is forcing some publishers to modify or even cancel programs aimed at distributing their stories and videos through other outlets, according to Digiday. Publishers are no longer allowed to accept anything of value in return for sharing content that they didn’t actually create, which means sites like Diply are scaling back their so-called “influencer” networks.

Other notable stories:

• The New York Times’ popular podcast The Daily, which the company says has more than 4.5 million listeners, is coming to public radio via a partnership with American Public Media. The broadcast will consist of a 30-minute edited version of the podcast, produced by the same team.
• Salon is telling readers that they can either disable their ad-blocking software when reading the site’s articles, or they can opt in to an ad-free offering that allows the site to use their computer’s spare processing power to create crypto-currency tokens, a process known as “mining.”
• Jarrod Dicker, formerly VP of innovation at The Washington Post, has left to join a media startup called Poets that he said is trying to create “a better model for the media ecosystem” using what crypto-currency advocates call the “blockchain,” a kind of distributed ledger for tracking digital activity.
• CJR’s Alexandria Neason writes in the latest issue of the magazine about the stress, burnout, and guilt many journalists can go through when reporting on issues that affect them personally, such as racism and sexism, and how poorly equipped the media industry is to deal with that problem.
• A German court has ruled that Facebook’s “real name” policy, which requires users to post under their real identities, is illegal and that under a German law designed to protect privacy, Facebook has to allow users to sign up and post under pseudonyms. The social network said it plans to appeal the decision.

Staffers at The Los Angeles Times have been through the ringer over the past few weeks, as the paper has been hit by an unprecedented amount of turmoil at the top, including the departure of its publisher and a revolving door in the editor-in-chief’s office. Now there is word that the venerable daily is about to be sold. According to a report late Tuesday by The Washington Post, the paper’s parent company—Chicago-based Tronc Inc., which owns a number of other prominent dailies including The Chicago Tribune, The Baltimore Sun and The New York Daily News—is in talks to sell the Times and its sister paper The San Diego Union-Tribune to Los Angeles-based billionaire Patrick Soon-Shiong.

If the deal goes through, it could bring an end to a long-running legal drama that has been taking place at the corporate level at Tronc. Soon-Shiong is a former surgeon and investor who made his fortune developing a popular cancer drug, and is already a major shareholder in Tronc, formerly known as Tribune Co. Tronc CEO Michael Ferro brought him into the company as an investor in 2016, as a way of blocking a takeover attempt by the Gannett newspaper chain, which had made an $800-million acquisition offer. The billionaire physician bought about 13 percent of the company and became chairman, and after a number of attempts to sweeten its bid, Gannett ultimately walked away from the deal.

The relationship between Soon-Shiong and Tronc’s CEO subsequently deteriorated, however, with the LA-based investor accusing Ferro of spending lavishly and of failing to follow through on the terms they had agreed to when he invested, including a promise to license some technology that Soon-Shiong’s company had developed. Soon-Shiong also at one point tried to get Ferro to sell him The Los Angeles Times, according to some reports, but the Tronc CEO refused. The Post report suggests they have managed to come to a deal, but whether the billionaire’s acquisition of the Times is enough to justify the “smiles and laughter” some Times staffers reported after the news broke remains to be seen. Soon-Shiong, who had no history of investment in media or journalism before he joined Tronc, has been critical of the media in the past for what he called “false reporting” about the health of his company.

Here are some more links if you want to catch up on the saga at both the Times and Tronc:

• The chaos factory: Veteran media analyst Ken Doctor summed up some of the turmoil and upheaval at The Los Angeles Times in a recent article that was published just after editor-in-chief Lewis D’Vorkin was moved out of that job and into a position as chief content officer for Tronc.
• The Prince of Darkness: A CJR feature on D’Vorkin may have helped play a role in his sudden departure as editor-in-chief at the Times. Former colleagues—including some who said they actually liked the former Forbes editor—described him as having no journalistic ethics to speak of, and of being more interested in clicks than journalism.
• Portrait of a billionaire: A Fortune magazine profile in 2013 called Patrick Soon-Shiong the richest man in Los Angeles, and described how the South African-born doctor bought a struggling generic pharmaceutical company, patented a cancer drug and turned the venture into a multi-billion-dollar enterprise. Along the way he acquired a stake in the Los Angeles Lakers and was sued by his brother.
• Seeing the future? Soon-Shiong talked to Bloomberg in 2016 about using machine-vision technology that he had patented to help revive print newspapers by adding augmented-reality features. For example, he said, a reader could use their smartphone camera to scan a picture of basketball star Kevin Durant or Donald Trump, and then “you’d hear him speaking or Kevin Durant would be dunking.”

Other notable stories:

• Atlantic writer Ed Yong wrote about how he spent two years trying to fix a gender imbalance in his stories, inspired by a piece his colleague Adrienne LaFrance wrote after analyzing her own stories for gender imbalance. “I knew that I care about equality, so I deluded myself into thinking that I wasn’t part of the problem,” Yong writes. “I assumed that my passive concern would be enough [but] passive concern never is.” (Hat tip to my CJR colleague Karen Ho for this one).
• Veteran NPR investigative reporter Daniel Zwerdling has left the company as a result of accusations of sexual harassment and inappropriate behavior. At least two NPR staffers reported Zwerdling to human resources, and half a dozen others told Current.org they had been subject to unwanted advances and other behavior. Zwerdling has said the allegations are untrue.
•  The Inter-American Press Association routinely visits countries where the media and journalism are said to be under attack, and for the first time this year the organization is sending an IAPA delegation to the United States, where journalists from Venezuela, Argentina, Peru and Mexico will meet with legislators and media representatives about the undermining of press freedom in the country.
• In interviews about the magazine’s new paywall, Wired editor Nicholas Thompson said he believes charging readers for a subscription helps media companies  produce better journalism, but Mollie Bryant disagrees. The former investigative reporter for Oklahoma Watch and The Clarion-Ledger in Mississippi writes that having paywalls “didn’t stop the papers I worked for from favoring “quick hits” over the kind of journalism that takes time to put together–which is most journalism–or from cutting or whittling down beats that didn’t lead to enough pageviews.”
• CJR writer Alexandria Neason has a wonderful story about a man who lives in a small town in upstate New York and has spent the past several years digitizing the archives of thousands of small-town newspapers, to the point where he now has almost 50 million pages stored—more than the entire collection of the Chronicling America project, which is a joint newspaper-digitization effort by the Library of Congress and the National Endowment of the Arts.
• Macedonia has gained a reputation as a haven for “fake news” publishers who are trying to make a buck by publishing hoaxes and conspiracy theories. In most cases the perpetrators are teenagers or online trolls, but a fact-checking site called Lead Stories determined that a number of them are run by a rather unusual figure: A man who works as a senior officer with the country’s Ministry of Defence, who described his work as “a little side business.”